Northern Alta language

There are Northern Alta speakers known as Edimala who live in the Sierra Madre along the river valleys that flow out to the Baler plain in Aurora Province. The Northern Alta also reportedly live in Dibut, on the coast south of Baler municipality, and north of Dicapanisan. Reid (1991) collected Northern Alta data from a speaker of Malabida, who was visiting in Bayanihan, an Ilongot-speaking barangay north of Maria Aurora, Aurora at the edge of the Sierra Madre. Ethnologue also reports that Northern Alta is spoken in San Luis, Aurora. Reid (1994) lists the following locations for Northern Alta. • Baler, Aurora • Ditailin, Maria Aurora, Aurora • Malevida, Dianawan, Maria Aurora, Aurora • Diteki, San Luis, Aurora (listed in Ethnologue as Diteki River in the Bayanihan area) García-Laguía (2018) collected Northern Alta data in the barangays of Diteki, Dianed, and Decoliat. García Laguía (2018) also reported that there were Alta people living in the communities of Malabida, Dimani (Barangay Villa), Dupinga, and Labi. ==Phonology==

• The phonemes /r/ and /dʒ/ only appear in loanwords, however, [dʒ] can also be a realisation of the sequence /dijV/ in fast speech, even in native words. • All consonants except for /r/ may be geminated. • [s] and [h] are in free variation in certain grammatical particles, despite normally being separate phonemes. • /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are only found in loanwords. • /ə/ can range to [ɨ] in realization, and optionally [a] in certain prefixes. • /i/ is pronounced as [ɪ] or [ɪ:] in a specific set of words. • /u/ can range to [o] in realization. Additionally, the following diphthongs are found: /ai/, /au/, /әi/, /ui/. Stress is phonemic, but unpredictable. == Grammar ==

Northern Alta is a Philippine-type language. It exhibits a voice system in which one actor voice and three different undergoer voices are distinguished. Subjects and other clause constituents are case-marked: person pronouns and demonstratives inflect for case. Determiner phrases carry a case-marking determiner at the leftmost edge of the phrase. Predicates appear in initial position except when a constituent is topicalized; in this case, a predicate marker (PM) precedes the predicate. The language distinguishes three basic clause types: equational, existential/locative, and voice-marked. • Equational clauses have either a noun, a proform, or a non-verbal phrase in predicate position. • Existential and locative clauses are respectively headed by an existential operator or the locative copula 'be at'. Both clause types take a predicative complement, which expresses an existing entity in existential clauses or a location in locative clauses. • Voice-marked clauses are characterized by an affix that marks the verb for voice, and come in two types, depending on whether the subject expresses an actor or an undergoer. The former type are called actor voice (AV) clauses and the latter are undergoer voice (UV) clauses. UV clauses come in three types, patient voice (PV), locative voice (LV), and conveyance voice (CV). The following example shows an AV clause: {{Interlinear|lang=aqn|number=(1) ==References==