Northern cassowary

Edward Blyth first identified the northern cassowary from a specimen from an aviary located in Calcutta, India, in 1860. The genus name Casuarius is derived from the Malay word kesuari "cassowary", while the species name unappendiculatus refers to the species' single wattle. Officially, there are no subspecies, though some authors list several subspecies. ==Description==

The northern cassowary has a hard and stiff black plumage, blue facial skin and a casque on top of the head. In 2026 scientists discovered that northern cassowary casques glow under UV light, and in different pattterns than southern cassowary casques. It has a bright red or yellow coloured neck and wattle. The feet are huge and strong with a long, dagger-like claw on its inner toe. The sexes are similar in appearance. The male, at , is smaller than the female, at an average of , making it the fourth heaviest living bird species after the common ostrich, Somali ostrich and the southern cassowary. These birds measure long and stand in height. Compared to the southern cassowary, the northern cassowary has a slightly shorter bill, at , but a slightly longer tarsal length, at . ==Phylogeny==

Northern cassowaries are members of the family Casuariidae, of which there are only four extant members: Three of them being the Cassowaries; the other the last remaining extant species of emu. All present superficial similarities, along being large flightless birds. The northern cassowary and the emu share homologous features. For example, both have a blue patch of colour on their face/neck, but the functions of these differ. The emu's patch is of a paler colour and is used as a form of camouflage where it is located. The northern cassowary's patch of blue is brighter, and is used for attracting mates. An alternate classification was proposed in 2014 by Mitchell et al., based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. This splits off the Casuariidae into their own order, the Casuariiformes, and includes only the cassowaries in the family Casuariidae, placing the emus in their own family, Dromaiidae. ==Range and habitat==

The northern cassowary is endemic to the coastal swamps and lowland rainforests of the islands of New Guinea (north of the Central Cordillera and some areas west of the Cendrawasih Bay, as far as Raja Ampat Regency), Yapen, Batanta and Salawati, in the countries of Indonesia and the Papua New Guinea. They prefer to not inhabit elevations exceeding above sea level. ==Behaviour==

As with other cassowaries, the northern cassowary is a shy and solitary bird. Their diet consists mainly of berries, fruits In the breeding season, the polygamous female lays three to five green eggs on a well camouflaged nest prepared by the male; she then leaves the nest and eggs to find another mate. The male incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone for about nine months. Eggs are 13.6 x 9 cm with an estimated mass of 622 grams. ==Conservation==

Although subject to ongoing habitat loss and overhunting in some areas, as of 2017, the northern cassowary is evaluated as Least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as population size estimates suggest that populations are actually larger than previously estimated. However, it is the most threatened of the three extant cassowary types as of 2022. Hunting is still considered the biggest threat. Native people use the bones and eggs, and take the chicks to be raised for meat. As logging opens up more areas of the forest, hunting will be more of a problem. Their occurrence range is and a 2000 estimate placed their numbers at 9300. ==References==