A
Neolithic necropole has been uncovered dating between 5,000 and 4,600 BC; 27 individuals were buried there in wooden coffins. This appears to be a continuation of groups from the
Linear Pottery culture who were located also on the eastern side of the
Rhine. The Obernai region, which was the property of the dukes of
Alsace in the 7th century, is the birthplace of
St. Odile, daughter of the Duke, who would become the Patron Saint of Alsace. The Obernai name first appears in 1240, when the village acquires the status of town under the tutelage of the Hohenstaufen family. The town then prospered. It became a member of the
Décapole in 1354, an alliance of ten towns of the Holy Roman Empire in Alsace. Obernai's status reaches its apex in the 15th and 16th century. In 1562, Emperor
Ferdinand I visited the prosperous town of Obernai. The
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) damaged the town, which was occupied by the Imperial troops, then by the Swedes. The town was ransomed and ceded to France in 1679, and started to recover some of its prosperity, without totally recapturing its former glory. The town was annexed by Germany in 1871 with the rest of Alsace, then returned to France after World War I in 1918. During the German occupation in the Second World War, the Nazi authorities set up the
Reichsschule für SS Helferinnen Oberenheim, a
Waffen-SS women's training centre, which opened in May 1942 upon the order of Heinrich Himmler. ==Population==