of the Old Synagogue With a rising number of Jewish families moving to Essen in the early 19th century, a community was formally established in 1858. The reform-oriented Rabbi
Salomon Samuel was appointed in 1894, and with the growth of the Jewish community, he decided to build a new large synagogue in the middle of the city center that would mark the importance of Judaism in German society. The architect
Edmund Körner was appointed, and designed a large Byzantine style stone building topped by a copper dome. Influenced by
Jugendstil, the synagogue's interior was tiled deep blue with gold highlights. Salomon Samuel provided guidance on the interior's decoration so that it would reflect Jewish traditions; he gave special attention to the symbols contained in the mosaics and stained glass. One of the largest synagogues in Germany, it measured 230 feet (70m) from front to back and 98 feet in width with a dome that reached a height of 112 feet (37m). The building was inaugurated as the
New Synagogue on 25 September 1913, and for 25 years it was the cultural and social center of a community that in 1933 had around 4,500 members. The main hall (which was also often used for concerts) could hold more than 1,500 people including those in several galleries. In front was an organ and a large bima (the area where the rabbi conducts the service). In addition to the large sanctuary, the building housed a secondary sanctuary for weekday services that had more modest attendance, classrooms, a community hall, a secretariat, and a library. Along with a garden, an attached 'Rabbinerhaus' at the rear of the structure had apartments for the rabbi and cantor. The seizure of power by the
National Socialists in 1933 began the Nazi era with increasingly more severe anti-Jewish policies culminating in
Kristallnacht on 9–10 November 1938, a night when Jewish owned businesses and synagogues were attacked, many of which were burned to the ground. The Old Synagogue was set on fire, which destroyed the interior. The exterior remained nearly intact. Although Essen itself was very heavily bombed (see
Bombing of Essen in World War II), the building itself managed to survive the Second World War without further damage. From 1945 to 1959 the former synagogue stood unused as ruin at the edge of the Essen city center; members of the Jewish community who had survived
The Holocaust used the Rabbinerhaus as their center. In 1959, the community built a much smaller synagogue, which is the current place of worship. In the same year, the city of Essen acquired the former synagogue and in the following years of 1960–1961 renovated it into a museum for
industrial design, the "Haus Industrieform". For this purpose the interior was renovated, redesigned to fit its new purpose, the remnants of the synagogue's
Torah ark were removed, and any surviving mosaics and ornaments were plastered or painted over. The main prayer hall was divided, a new floor was installed, and the ceiling was covered. A fire, caused by a short circuit, severely damaged the Design exhibition in 1979. This event and a changed attitude toward handling historic buildings caused the city council of Essen to found the current institution
Alte Synagoge, a place of remembrance and a center for historical and political documentation. From 1986 to 1988 the entire building was reconstructed, funded by the state of
North Rhine-Westphalia, recapturing something of the former appearance, restoring the soaring dome (in plain plaster rather than the original blue mosaic), reinstating the balcony, and reconstructing the marble ark for the
Torah. == Today==