Construction and early years Before 1902, Manchester United were known as Newton Heath, during which time they first played their football matches at
North Road and then
Bank Street in
Clayton. However, both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions, the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh, while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring factories. Therefore, following the club's rescue from near-bankruptcy and renaming, the new chairman
John Henry Davies decided in 1909 that the Bank Street ground was not fit for a team that had recently won the
First Division and
FA Cup, so he donated funds for the construction of a new stadium. Not one to spend money frivolously, Davies scouted around Manchester for an appropriate site, before settling on a patch of land adjacent to the
Bridgewater Canal, just off the north end of the Warwick Road in
Old Trafford. Designed by Scottish architect
Archibald Leitch, who designed several other stadia, the ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered. Including the purchase of the land, the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost £60,000 all told. However, as costs began to rise, to reach the intended capacity would have cost an extra £30,000 over the original estimate and, at the suggestion of club secretary
J. J. Bentley, the capacity was reduced to approximately 80,000. Nevertheless, at a time when transfer fees were still around the £1,000 mark, the cost of construction only served to reinforce the club's "
Moneybags United" epithet, with which they had been tarred since Davies had taken over as chairman. In May 1908, Archibald Leitch wrote to the
Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) – who had a rail depot adjacent to the proposed site for the football ground – in an attempt to persuade them to subsidise construction of the grandstand alongside the railway line. The subsidy would have come to the sum of £10,000, to be paid back at the rate of £2,000
per annum for five years or half of the gate receipts for the grandstand each year until the loan was repaid. However, despite guarantees for the loan coming from the club itself and two local breweries, both chaired by club chairman John Henry Davies, the Cheshire Lines Committee turned the proposal down. The CLC had planned to build a new station adjacent to the new stadium, with the promise of an anticipated £2,750
per annum in fares offsetting the £9,800 cost of building the station. The station –
Trafford Park – was eventually built, but further down the line than originally planned. but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936. It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from
Manchester Central railway station. It is currently known as
Manchester United Football Ground. Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester and development was completed in late 1909. The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910, with United playing host to
Liverpool. However, the home side were unable to provide their fans with a win to mark the occasion, as Liverpool won 4–3.
Sandy Turnbull scored the first ever goal at Old Trafford. A journalist at the game reported the stadium as "the most handsomest [sic], the most spacious and the most remarkable arena I have ever seen. As a football ground it is unrivalled in the world, it is an honour to Manchester and the home of a team who can do wonders when they are so disposed". Before the construction of
Wembley Stadium in 1923, the
FA Cup Final was hosted by a number of different grounds around England, including Old Trafford. The first of these was the
1911 FA Cup Final replay between
Bradford City and
Newcastle United, after the original tie at
Crystal Palace finished as a no-score draw after
extra time. Bradford won 1–0, the goal scored by
Jimmy Speirs, in a match watched by 58,000 people. The ground's second FA Cup Final was the
1915 final between
Sheffield United and
Chelsea. Sheffield United won the match 3–0 in front of nearly 50,000 spectators, most of whom were in the military, leading to the final being nicknamed "the Khaki Cup Final". On 27 December 1920, Old Trafford played host to its largest pre-Second World War attendance for a United league match, as 70,504 spectators watched the Red Devils lose 3–1 to
Aston Villa. The ground hosted its first international football match later that decade, when
England lost 1–0 to
Scotland in front of 49,429 spectators on 17 April 1926. Unusually, the record attendance at Old Trafford is not for a Manchester United home game. Instead, on 25 March 1939, 76,962 people watched an FA Cup semi-final between
Wolverhampton Wanderers and
Grimsby Town.
Wartime bombing In 1936, as part of a £35,000 refurbishment, an 80-yard-long roof was added to the United Road stand (now the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand) for the first time, while roofs were added to the south corners in 1938. Upon the outbreak of the
Second World War, Old Trafford was requisitioned by the military to be used as a depot. Football continued to be played at the stadium, but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas Day fixture against
Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport's ground. The club was now £15,000 in debt, not helped by the rental of Maine Road, and the Labour MP for Stoke,
Ellis Smith, petitioned the Government to increase the club's compensation package, but it was in vain. United's first game back at Old Trafford was played on 24 August 1949, as 41,748 spectators witnessed a 3–0 victory over
Bolton Wanderers.
Completion of the master plan A roof was restored to the Main Stand by 1951 and, soon after, the three remaining stands were covered, the operation culminating with the addition of a roof to the
Stretford End (now the West Stand) in 1959. The architects of the new stand, Mather and Nutter (now Atherden Fuller), With the first two stands converted to cantilevers, the club's owners devised a long-term plan to do the same to the other two stands and convert the stadium into a bowl-like arena. Such an undertaking would serve to increase the atmosphere within the ground by containing the crowd's noise and focusing it onto the pitch, where the players would feel the full effects of a capacity crowd. Meanwhile, the stadium hosted its third FA Cup Final, hosting 62,078 spectators for the replay of the
1970 final between Chelsea and
Leeds United; Chelsea won the match 2–1. The ground also hosted the second leg of the
1968 Intercontinental Cup, which saw
Estudiantes de La Plata win the cup after a 1–1 draw. The 1970s saw the dramatic rise of football hooliganism in Britain, and a knife-throwing incident in 1971 forced the club to erect the country's first perimeter fence, restricting fans from the Old Trafford pitch. In addition, the club was told in 1992 that they would only receive £1.4 million of a possible £2 million from the Football Trust to be put towards work related to the Taylor Report. The club's resurgence in success and increase in popularity in the early 1990s ensured that further development would have to occur. In 1995, the 30-year-old North Stand was demolished and work quickly began on a new stand, to be ready in time for Old Trafford to host three group games, a quarter-final and a semi-final at
Euro 96. The club purchased the Trafford Park trading estate, a site on the other site of United Road, for £9.2 million in March 1995. Construction began in June 1995 and was completed by May 1996, with the first two of the three phases of the stand opening during the season. Designed by Atherden Fuller, with Hilstone Laurie as project and construction managers and Campbell Reith Hill as structural engineers, the new three-tiered stand cost a total of £18.65 million to build and had a capacity of about 25,500, raising the capacity of the entire ground to more than 55,000. The cantilever roof would also be the largest in Europe, measuring from the back wall to the front edge. Further success over the next few years guaranteed yet more development. First, a second tier was added to the East Stand. Opened in January 2000, the stadium's capacity was temporarily increased to about 61,000 until the opening of the West Stand's second tier, which added yet another 7,000 seats, bringing the capacity to 68,217. It was now not only the biggest club stadium in England but the biggest in all of the United Kingdom. Old Trafford hosted its first major European final three years later, playing host to the
2003 UEFA Champions League Final between
Milan and
Juventus. From 2001 to 2007, following the demolition of the old Wembley Stadium, the
England national football team was forced to play its games elsewhere. During that time, the team toured the country, playing their matches at various grounds from
Villa Park in Birmingham to
St James' Park in
Newcastle. In that period, Old Trafford hosted 14 of England's 34 home matches, more than any other stadium. The latest international to be held at Old Trafford was England's 1–0 loss to
Spain on 7 February 2007. The match was played in front of a crowd of 58,207.
2006 expansion Old Trafford's most recent expansion, which took place between July 2005 and May 2006, saw an increase of around 8,000 seats with the addition of second tiers to both the north-west and north-east quadrants of the ground. The record continued to be pushed upwards before reaching its current peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw United beat
Blackburn Rovers 4–1, meaning that just 114 seats (0.15% of the total capacity of 76,212) were left unoccupied. In 2009, a reorganisation of the seating in the stadium resulted in a reduction of the capacity by 255 to 75,957, meaning that the club's home attendance record would stand at least until the next expansion. Old Trafford celebrated its 100th anniversary on 19 February 2010. In recognition of the occasion, Manchester United's official website ran a feature in which a memorable moment from the stadium's history was highlighted on each of the 100 days leading up to the anniversary. From these 100 moments, the top 10 were chosen by a panel including club statistician Cliff Butler, journalist
David Meek, and former players
Paddy Crerand and
Wilf McGuinness. At Old Trafford itself, an art competition was run for pupils from three local schools to create their own depictions of the stadium in the past, present and future. Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand, and the winners were presented with awards by artist
Harold Riley on 22 February. An exhibition about the stadium at the club museum was opened by former goalkeeper
Jack Crompton and chief executive
David Gill on 19 February. Finally, at Manchester United's home match against
Fulham on 14 March, fans at the game received a replica copy of the programme from the first Old Trafford match, and half-time saw relatives of the players who took part in the first game – as well as those of the club chairman
John Henry Davies and stadium architect Archibald Leitch – taking part in the burial of a time capsule of Manchester United memorabilia near the centre tunnel. Only relatives of winger
Billy Meredith, wing-half
Dick Duckworth and club secretary
Ernest Mangnall could not be found. Old Trafford was used as a venue for several matches in the
football competition at the
2012 Summer Olympics. The stadium hosted five group games, a quarter-final and semi-final in the
men's tournament, and one group game and
a famous semi-final in the
women's tournament, the first women's international matches to be played there. Since 2006, Old Trafford has also been used as the venue for
Soccer Aid, a biennial charity match initially organised by singer
Robbie Williams and actor
Jonathan Wilkes; however, in 2008, the match was played at Wembley Stadium. during the
COVID-19 pandemic On 27 March 2021, Old Trafford hosted its first game of the
Manchester United women's team, with
West Ham United as the opposition in the
Women's Super League. Exactly one year on, Manchester United's women's team faced
Everton at Old Trafford in front of a crowd for the first time (the 2021 game was
behind closed doors due to the
COVID-19 pandemic). A crowd of 20,241 attended the match, marking the highest home attendance of the women's team, and saw Manchester United come out with a 3–1 victory. On 6 July 2022, Old Trafford hosted the opening match of
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 between
England and
Austria, in front of a record attendance for the Women's European Championships of 68,871 – the second highest women's football attendance in the United Kingdom. In 2022, Old Trafford was included in the shortlist of stadiums for the
United Kingdom and Ireland's bid to host
UEFA Euro 2028, but was excluded from the final list of 10, announced in April 2023. ==Structure and facilities==