Bryn Celli Ddu

Bryn Celli Ddu is generally considered to be one of the finest passage tombs in Wales. Its passage and burial chamber are complete, and it is still buried under a mound or cairn, reinstated following its excavation in 1929. Many stone chambered cairns have lost these features. As it now stands, the passage is long, the first being unroofed with a pair of portal stones. The main passage has walls of vertical rock slabs, roofed by a series of stone lintels. The mound, being substantially smaller than as originally made, no longer completely encloses the burial chamber, so the back wall is open to the air, allowing some natural light in. Free-standing inside the burial chamber is a smooth pillar of blueschist, a metamorphic rock, some high, with a very rounded shape. Beyond the back wall of the chamber, in a location that would once have been within the mound, is a replica of the 'Pattern Stone'. This was found buried under the mound, and has been put standing up in what is thought to have been its original location at a time when the site was a henge rather than a tomb. The patterns take the form of sinuous serpentine shapes that wind around both sides of the stone. Inside the tomb another stone has a small spiral pattern chipped into it, although its authenticity has been questioned. Outside the tomb, a ring of kerbstones shows the original extent of the mound, and they also follow the line of the ditch of the earlier henge monument. Three of the stones, visible within the cairn mound, are thought to be from the stone circle of that time. The monument is part of a cluster of Neolithic and Bronze Age features. Two further cairns have been identified just to the south of Bryn Celli Ddu, while in the field immediately to the west is a standing stone, and a rock outcrop with cupmarks carved into it. ==Original uses==

The earliest identified remains at the site are a row of five postholes previously thought to have been contemporary with the tomb. Radiocarbon dating of pine charcoal from two of the pits, carried out in 2006, showed these to date from around 4000 BC, putting them at the end of the Mesolithic, 1,000 years before the next phase of use. At the end of its period of use the tomb was 'closed' by means of a large stone set across the entrance, between the two portal stones. ==Archaeology==

The earliest archaeological descriptions date to around 1800. In 1796, it was included on a list of Anglesey cromlechs in the Cambrian Register. In 1802, John Skinner made a "''Ten Days' Tour Through the Isle of Anglesea", an account of which he wrote up, but never published, describing the numerous archaeological sites he visited. It was finally published as a supplement to Archaeologia Cambrensis'' in 1908. On his visit to Bryn Celli Ddu, he was told how the passage tomb had been discovered a generation before, by a farmer looking for useful stone. The sight of the pillar stone had initially unnerved the discoverer, but the prospect of treasure tempted him back, and he uprooted the pillar. Having suffered depredation of the more movable stones of the site, the monument was excavated by Wilfrid Hemp from 1928-1929. He revealed much of the sequence of use on the site, and found the 'Pattern Stone'. It has since been moved to the National Museum of Wales and replaced with a replica standing outside the back wall, but within the area of the original mound, and close to the spot where it was found. Knight and Lomas also claimed that year-round alignments allowed the site to be used as an agricultural calendar. Steve Burrow, curator of Neolithic archaeology at Amgueddfa Cymru (National Museum of Wales), has more recently supported the case for summer solstice alignment. This alignment links Bryn Celli Ddu to a handful of other sites, including Maes Howe, Orkney and Newgrange, Ireland, both of which point to the winter solstice. It has also been suggested that a feature similar to the 'lightbox' at Newgrange may be matched at Bryn Celli Ddu. A second burial chamber, 50 meters to the south of the extant one, had been leveled, but as part of the project a 2019 excavation has revealed a large circular burial cairn which radio-carbon dating has placed at 1900 BC, which is over a thousand years after the earlier passage grave was built. ==Media==

The serpentine pattern and the passage tomb featured strongly in the short animated film, Songs from Stones, about some of Anglesey's evocative archaeological sites and artefacts, produced as part of the Cultural Olympiad in 2012. The HeritageTogether project has used photogrammetry to create 3D models of the site and the standing stone. Media company Mint Motion have produced an animated video of the site's development over time, and a flythrough of a pointcloud model of the site (see external links below). The site was featured and explored in an episode of the US reality television series Expedition Unknown. == Modern history ==

The site is used by the Anglesey Druid Order in ceremonies that celebrate the eight wheel of the year pagan festivals, including the summer and winter solstices. ==Gallery==

Image:Bryn Celli Ddu 01 977.PNG | South-west side. A replica of the decorated stone stands outside the south-west opening in the burial chamber. Bryn Celli Ddu - geograph.org.uk - 564684.jpg| Entrance, portal stones and kerbstones on east side Image:BrynCelliDduMewn.jpg | Internal view of the passage Image:Bryn Celli Ddu - Hügel innen 1 Gang.jpg|Passageway to interior Image:Bryn Celli Ddu - Hügel innen 4 Grabkammer Stein.jpg|Pillar stone Image:NMW - Bryn Celli Ddu Stein.jpg| Original stone with serpentine design, found within the chamber, now in the National Museum of Wales. ==See also==