Roland og Magnus kongen

The following digest follows Groven's text (version 1, 27 stanzas), a field-collected original, and Landstad's composite (31 stanzas) which uses it as base with additional interpolations. and Moe printed a longer reconstructed version with useful annotations (also see §Versions). ;King Magnus sends half his twelve peers to heathen land King Magnus (Charlemagne) divides his men, the twelve peers, so that six stay at home, and the other six accompany him to the land of heathens to test their "cold iron" i.e. weapons. In variant 1 (Groven's text), the opening stanza is the king's speech, as follows: The next two strophes are considered a later interpolation, consisting of conventional formulaic stanzas ("commonplaces") that describe sailing off to some land. Thus "They hoist their lordly sail high up the sailing-yard (beam horizontal to the mast), to reach the heathen land in two work-days" (Stanzas 2-3). The oars ('''') and anchors they "fasten" to the white sand, and Magnus is first to tread on the land (stanzas 2-3). ;Roland's sword and horn are mentioned Roland's sword and his horn are mentioned. The sword is said to be "clad in ? (klæt i Slire=Vænde)" (Stanza 4), and Roland is said to "play the horn ( mæ lur)." This is the equivalent of the ivory horn known as the Olifant in the original French epic. In the ballad, Roland's sword is described metaphorically as a scythe or sickle (ljå). Landstad inserts a variant reading where the sword is referred to as Gunulfsljóðið or "Gunulf's-tune" an interpolation from an alternate text. This "Gunulf" personage has been identified as the traitorous Count Ganelon (Guinelun jarl) who brandished his sword before the heathen King Marsilius in the saga version. ;Demanding tribute form the heathens There follows a series of exchanged dialogues in which Roland demands tribute or "tax (skatten)" from the heathens, is refused, and vows to fight them at "Rusarvodden" or "Ru[n]sarvollen," the Roncevaux of the French epic (stanzas 5-7). ;Battle of Roncevaux begins, a carnage of heathens The outbreak of battle at "Rusarvollen" is summarized as follows: "The fighting starts, and they fight for days; the heathens fall before Roland's sword like grass before the sickle or as the snow falls in the mountains, and the sun cannot shine through the steam rising from human blood." and the sword felled the heathens like "snow upon the moor (or mountain)" (stanza 9). ;Peers now weary and outnumbered but Roland refuses to blow horn At this point Landstad departs from Groven's text, and inserts three stanzas from variants: "They fight.. etc. / tired were the men and weary / The sun could not shine clear / for the fumes (haze, steam) of men's blood" (Landstad's 10, similar to Groven's stanza 22); "There came so many black men (or , or Moors) / that they shaded the sun / The peers became frightened / And bade Roland to blow the horn" (Landstad's 11); "Roland answered in anger, / from him flowed blood and froth / I shall hew such a hew / that they shall ask (about it?) till Judgment (or Doomsday)" (Landstad's 12). ;Roland's sword Dvelgedolg breaks Roland wants to save his stalwarts (drengir), he hews his sword asunder, and now the wrecked sword he was holding resembled "the long drill", or "boring-tool (borið)" (Groven's stanza 10; Landstad's 13). Roland, the king's kinsman, thinking he is in dire straits, deplores out loud in speech to God and Mother Mary that his sword is being dragged away from his hand (stanza 11; Landstad's 14). ;King of Heathens (or King Magnus) commands his men to pry away the sword but they fail The speaker now evidently switches to the king of heathens, who commands his men to go and try to wrest away Roland's sword Dvælje=Dvolg (var. Dvelgedvolg, Dvergedolg, Dvelgedolgen) conforming to the sequence of events in Karlamagnús saga. Likewise, Liestøl & Moe (1912) undertook to reconstruct the ballad consistent with the saga, but to do so, had to considerably alter the arrangement of stanzas, shifting a whole sequence of events before this speech. These men return and report that "we could not get the sword Dvælje=Dvolg from Roland's hand." (stanza 13. Landstad's 16). ;Roland blows his horn (three times?) A sequence of three stanzas describe Roland blowing his horn to summon aid. It roughly parallels the events in the saga where Roland blows the horn not once, but a second, and then a third time. And here the language of "the ballad echo[es] the wording the saga" more than elsewhere, with the use of the "bloody mouth" motif. The first of the three horn-blowing stanzas runs: "Roland put the horn upon his bloody mouth / he blasted it with such fury / wall and earth were riven / as far as nine-day's journey apart" (stanza 14. Landstad's 17). In Groven's text, the subsequent two strains reuse the "wall and earth were riven" phrase three times over, but other variants vary the language. Some variants state that Roland "blew his eyes out of his skull" (''''), a graphic detail missing in the Groven text, but closely matched by the saga and the Faroese ballad where his brain bursts out. ;King Magnus and his reinforcements arrive too late; King Magnus recovers Roland's sword In Karlamagnús saga, Roland does not die immediately after blowing out his brain with the second blast of his horn. In the subsequent stanzas, Magnus hurries to the scene with longing and anguish and finds Roland pointing the sword out as if he wishes the king to take it (stanzas 18-19, Landstad's 23-24). So Magnus is able to take the sword effortlessly, where the others failed ("the others" being either the Saracens or the king's men, as discussed above). ;Fighting resumes at Rusarvollen, King Magnus avenges Roland and the other fallen men There follows a sequence which are exact repetitions of previous description of the battle, or very nearly so (stanzas 20-22). But it is not the early battle being re-sung in refrain, but round two of hostilities, taken up by the Emperor (King Magnus) to avenge the death of his men. The ballad has also forgotten that in the chanson or the saga, no one brandishes Durendal (Dyrumdali) after Roland's death, and the sword Dvelgedvolg of the ballad is used by someone in battle after its recovery. although there are four more stanzas in Groven's text and Landstad's printed version. Only two of these are included in Liestøl and Moe's rendition. The queen asks King Magnus what troubles him and he replies that Roland is dead, and many worthy men besides. ==Versions==

In the 19th century were collected two recorded transcriptions of the more or less full ballad. Fifty variants are counted in total, but most of these are only one, two or three stanzas long, and probably served as stev or "stave" strophes. In addition, early collectors printed their own reconstructed versions, pieced together using various recensions and the Old Norse saga. A 27-stanza transcript was obtained from Laurans Groven (Lavrans Gunleiksson Groven, 1801–1842) of Seljord, Telemark, in the 1840s by collector Olea Crøger. although Gustav Storm (1874) had stated that Landstad made use of a ballad-book called Huvestadbibelen dating from slightly before or after 1800. Storm goes on to say that the recension was fragmentary (lacking a beginning), since the first verse that survives occurs on leaf no. 7. Either way, Landstad produced a 31-stanza reconstruction of the ballad, which he printed in his collection published 1853. A 26-stanza transcript, unattributed as to performer or locale, but not substantially different in text was recorded by Sophus Bugge in 1867, in a manuscript which became part of the (NFS) collection, maintained by the Norwegian Folklore Society. In Liestøl and Moe edd., Norske Folkevisor fra middelalderen (1912) is a reconstructed version of the ballad, of 28 stanzas divided into VII scenes. It contains fabricated stanzas, new words not in the Norwegian language, and deliberate archaizing, and as with other ballads retouched by Moe, have been systematically cleansed of the influence of Danish written balladry. provides instances comparing Groven's text vs. Moe's reconstruction. Moe did not find it suitable that in stanza 1 King Magnus (=Charlemagne) should refer to his twelve peers as swein (), therefore he replaced it with the neologism jall, derived from Norse '''' attested nowhere in Norwegian balladry. An instance of the retooling of the plot has been described as follows: "In Groven’s text it is the heathens who seek to take the sword from Roland while he is alive. In Moe’s reconstruction it is the king’s men who try to get the corpse to loosen its grip on the sword." ==Melodies==

;"Roland satte Ludren fer bladga Munne" The contribution by Olea Crøger as pioneer collector of folk ballad and melody had been largely unrecognized until the 20th century, But the traditional Norwegian tune to Roland og Magnus kongen had been collected by her, Øystein Gaukstad, who took up the legacy of Norwegian ballad-tune collecting after Lindeman, has named "Roland og Magnus Kongen" as one of the dozen-odd most important of her repertoire. Although her manuscripts are lost, the musical notes are preserved in Lindeman's 1851 manuscripts, entitled "Roland", to the lyrics of the single stanza variant 26 that begins "Roland satte Ludren fer bladga Munne" The melody's score is also printed in Landstad's Norske folkeviser (1853). The Faroese ballad melody, which has largely supplanted the Norwegian melody, is published online by the Norwegian Visearkivet. ==English translations==

• (pp. 125–127) - prose summary of the composite version of Blom and Bø ed., No. 36. • * - summary of TSB type E 29 ==Editions==

• , Musical notes, p. 873 • • • ==Discography==

• Gudrun Grave Nørlund, "Roland og Magnus Kongjen" in Songs and Dances of Norway (Smithsonian Folkways. 1954) • Alf Cranner, "Roland og Magnus kongen" in '''' (Philips 1964) • Erik Bye, "Rolandskvadet", in (Db Records 1978) • conducted by Dan Olof Stenlund, "Roland og Magnus kongen" in Ludvig Mathias Lindeman : [Norwegian epic ballads and folk songs] (Simax, 1983) • , "Roland og Magnus Kongjen", in The Strength of the Runes (Nordicae 1996) • Glittertind, "Rolandskvadet" in (Karmageddon Media 2005) • Trio Mediæval, "Rolandskvadet (The Song of Roland)" in Folk Songs (ECM Records 2007) ==External links==