In historical sources, Ivane Orbeli is mentioned for the first time from this family. The Orbels were especially advanced during the reign of
Demetrius I and
David V, when their family inherited the name of
Amirspasalar, and
Lori as a administrative state. For their bravery and loyal service at the Georgian court, the Orbelians received the hereditary title of commander-in-chief (
amirspasalar) of the army and significant territories with a number of fortresses, including the fortress of Orbeti in the south of present-day
Georgia, from which the name of the family - Orbeli and then Orbelian - was derived. In 1177-1178, Amirspasalar Ivane Orbeli led a rebellion against the
Georgian king
George III, who broke his word and did not enthrone the legitimate heir to the throne, his nephew, Prince
Demna. However, King George managed to cause a split among the rebels, luring most of them to his side (including the Armenian princes
Zakarids, who later received the hereditary title of Amirspasalars - commanders-in-chief of the
Armenian-Georgian army). Ivane sent his brother Liparit and nephews Elikum and Ivane to the
Eldiguzids in
Tabriz for help, but this new army came too late, after Ivane had been surrendered to King George and was barbarously killed by him in 1177. Together with him many Orbelians were exterminated, their possessions were lost, and young Demna blinded and castrated, the Orbelians who survived were expelled from Georgia and moved to Armenia. , late 13th to early 14th century At the end of the 12th century, the
Kingdom of Georgia, together with the
Armenians, began the Reconquest - wars of liberation against the
Seljuks. In order to further unite the Armenian-Georgian nobility around her throne, Queen
Tamar, daughter of
George III, pardoned all those who had rebelled against her father and allowed them to return to Georgia. Among others Ivane, the youngest son of Liparit II Orbelian returned to Georgia, who received only a small part of his former family holdings around the fortress of Orbeti. The eldest son of Liparit II Orbelian, Elikum I continued the Armenian branch of the Orbelian family in
Syunik. When Elikum I was killed in 1184, the Orbelian family in Syunik was headed by his son, Liparit III, who was released from Islamic captivity. Thanks to the mediation of
Ivane Zakarian, who commanded the reconquest, King
George IV Lasha appointed Liparit III Orbelian as viceroy and granted him vast possessions in the north-eastern provinces of Armenia - in Syunik and its provinces of
Gegharkunik,
Vayots Dzor, as well as the castle of Kayen and the village of
Elar with its surroundings in
Kotayk. . He is depicted as a lion "who roars in front of enemy troops". In 1236, the
Mongols under the command of
Chormaqan invaded Georgia. The
Georgians and
Armenians were defeated and were forced to recognise the supreme power of the Khan in
Karakorum. The descendant of Liparit III - Elikum Orbelian did the same. After
negotiations with the
Mongols, he retained his possessions, but undertook to participate with his troops in further campaigns of the Mongols. Later, thanks to personal relations with the
great Khan in Karakorum, Smbat II managed to strengthen the position of the Orbelian family considerably. When in 1249 a rebellion against the Mongol yoke rose in Georgia, Smbat II Orbelian did not dare to openly join the rebels, although secretly, apparently, sympathised with them (so, through his vassal nobleman Tancregul, Smbat helped the king
David Narin to escape from the Mongol captivity). Smbat II himself managed to prove in the Mongol capital Karakorum that he was not involved in the rebellion. After the death of
Möngke Khan in 1259, the Georgian court and some Armenian nobles again revolted against the Mongol yoke. The rebellion was organised by
Hasan-Jalal Dola, and
Zakare III Zakarian. This time Smbat II Orbelian was even more cautious and did not support the rebels at all. The rebellion was suppressed in 1261. The Mongol rulers appreciated the loyalty of Smbat II; after the suppression of the rebellion he received the title of "king" and was transferred to the Mongol headquarters in
Tabriz, where he died in 1273. The ruler of
Syunik was his younger brother - Tarsaich Orbelian, who ruled the Syunik Principality until 1290. , 1332 After the death of Tarsaich, there were disputes between his sons and his nephew Liparit over part of the Orbelian domains -
Dvin,
Garni and
Bargushat. The eldest son of Tarsaich, Elikum Orbelian (ruled in 1290-1300), established on a princely throne, divided possessions of Orbelians between the brothers, thus considerably weakened military-political power of a sort. was built in 1321 by Bishop Yovhannes Orbelian under the artistic supervisation of
Momik. Burtel, who succeeded Elikum II, became the ancestor of a collateral branch of the Orbelians - the Burtelians. After Burtel's death and with the
invasion of Turkmen tribes and
Tamerlane in 1385, the
Syunik princedom of Orbelian fell into decline. The Syunik prince Smbat Orbelian, besieged in the fortress of
Vorotnaberd, was captured by the conquerors and sent with his family to
Samarkand, from where he returned after forced conversion to
Islam. His son, Beshken, was forced to leave the Orbelian fiefdom and moved to
Lori. Beshken's son Rustam Orbelian became a counsellor and high-ranking nobleman in
Tabriz, continuing to own part of the Orbelian hereditary lands in Syunik and
Ayrarat. However, after the defeat of Tabriz troops at Sofyan in 1437, Rustam Orbelian was forced to leave Syunik and move to Lori, selling his lands to the
Tatev Monastery. Although many representatives of the Orbelian princely family continued to live in Syunik, the family lost its former influence and split into a number of small side branches. Many
melik (princely) families of Syunik in the 16th-19th centuries traced their genealogy back to the Orbelian princes, among them the Orbelian meliks of
Tatev. ==References==