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Otte Wallish

Otte Wallish was a Czech–Jewish artist and émigré to Mandatory Palestine who established himself as a graphic designer and contributed to the symbolic self-representation of the newly founded State of Israel as a Jewish state.

Biography
Otte Wallish was born in 1906 in the town of Znojmo, Moravia, at the time a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today in the Czech Republic). He was a Czech of Jewish descent. He attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. After serving in the Czech army, he opened a graphic design and advertising office in Prague. He had jobs with the Jewish National Fund and United Israel Appeal. He married and then emigrated by boat to Mandatory Palestine in 1934, a time of increasing peril for European Jews. His wife joined him in 1935; a sibling survived the Holocaust and lived in the Czech Republic. The couple had two children and settled in a Herzliya house with Bauhaus furniture. He used the German Wallisch and, after moving to Israel, adopted the English Wallish transliteration of his name in Hebrew. (His first name is often incorrectly cited as Otto.) During the 1930s and 1940s, Wallish worked on artistic arrangement, statistical graphs, and other design aspects for books. In 1929, his own book was published, ABC: Ein Bilderbuch. In 1936, Wallish set up a design studio in a building in Nahalat Binyamin, Tel Aviv, that had been chosen as a national landmark. His design studio doubled as a kind of front for SHA'I, the Haganah's secret service. ==Israel's Declaration of Independence scroll and ceremony==
Israel's Declaration of Independence scroll and ceremony
Wallish was responsible for the calligraphy and design of the scroll for the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Due to drafting debates beyond his control, Wallish had only finished the bottom part of the scroll by the time of the signing and announcement. In fact, David Ben-Gurion did not read the actual scroll but had to work from handwritten notes for the public declaration on 14 May 1948. The photograph shown here was taken by Wallish's brother-in-law, Rudi Weissenstein. He based the calligraphy style on a Torah scroll from the 16th century. ==Postal stamps==
Postal stamps
Israel's first Doar Ivri stamps In 1948, too, Wallish took the lead in designing Israel's first postage stamps. He chose a design based on ancient coins, found in archaeological research on the First Jewish-Roman War and the Bar Kochba Revolt. He also designed the first day cover for the stamps' first usage on the first business day after Independence was declared, Sunday, 16 May 1948. Since the name of the state had not yet been determined during the design and secretive printing of the stamps, they were designed with the name Doar Ivri ("Hebrew mail") rather than Israel, the name found on all subsequent postage issues. In 2007, several original pieces of Wallish artwork for the Doar Ivri stamp were sold at auction. In one preliminary essay, the stamp is designed as a triangle. Furthermore, in another Wallish essay, the stamps on the first day cover were prepared with the "wrong" name of the state: Yehudah (, cf. Judah or Judea), as shown here. He had also proposed to put Eretz Yisrael on the stamps, which the provisional government leaders turned down as well. After speaking privately with German stamp dealers, who recommended a Hebrew equivalent to Deutsche Post ("German Mail"), Wallish proposed the phrase Doar Ivri, which was accepted. Wallish also contributed a variety of original designs, including stamps commemorating Petah Tikva's 70th anniversary, Israel Independence Day (1951, 52, 54, 57, and 58), World Refugee Year (1960), the 25th Zionist Congress (1960), and the centennial of the Hebrew press in Israel (with a Halbanon newspaper page in the background, 1963). He also designed a menorah stamp (1952) and a defense series (1957), with the insignia of the Haganah. Wallish lost out to the brothers Shamir again in competing for the 1949 Jerusalem stamp. Whereas the winning design depicts a scene looking up toward the city and the Tower of David, the Wallish artwork shows a flat approach and two religious Jews on the path to Jerusalem. Less well known are the stamps that Wallish designed but were not mass-produced. In 1948, the Israeli Army planned to print special military stamps. Wallish submitted designs that were accepted and printed on a trial basis in July 1958. One stamp (10 mil) portrayed a Jewish warrior from Egypt, another (15 mil) the Menorah from the Arch of Titus, and the highest denomination bore the sword and olive branch insignia of the Haganah. However, civilian postal officials turned down the idea and the four-color stamps were never put into use. ==Numismatics==
Numismatics
Israel's first coins Israel's first coins were designed from a proposal submitted by the Israel Numismatic Society, put together with Leo Kadman, Hanan Pavel, and Wallish. Banknotes, medallions and medals In addition, Wallish designed paper currency, and military medals. ==Posters and symbols==
Posters and symbols
For municipalities in Israel, Wallish designed insignias; for major corporations—including Osem and Tnuva—he created logos. He did artistic work for advertising campaigns as well. His posters are displayed as well at the Central Zionist Archives and the Tel Aviv Museum. ==Selected works==
Selected works
• Mechner, E. and O. Wallisch. Palestine transformed: a pictorial atlas of Eretz Israel. Jerusalem: [Keren Kayemeth (JNF/KKL, Jewish National Fund) and Keren Hayesod (Palestine Foundation Fund)], 1941. (20 pages) This work lists 15 illustration by Wallish, dealing with such topics as the development of the coastal plain, the transformation of the Jezreel Valley from swamps, settlements such as Hanita, stages of "land redemption" and "colonization," the kibbutz and the moshav, and industrial Palestine. On p. 16, four Jews defense soldiers are portrayed: a shomer or guard of 1900, a former Jewish Legion policeman, one of the "Ghaffirim" or "Notrim" (Supernumerary Police) of the 1936–1938 Arab revolt, and the "Palestinian soldier" of the Yishuv. • Mechner, E. and O. Wallish. Eretz Israel: Facts and figures. Jerusalem: [Keren Kayemeth (Jewish National Fund) and Keren Hayesod (Palestine Foundation Fund)], 1947. (32 pages) The book contains charts, graphs or maps on pages 7–31, including a chart showing the change of Jewish population after the Holocaust by European country, trends in Jewish immigration to Palestine, maps of the Balfour Declaration and the White Papers of 1922 and 1939, improvements in infant mortality and life expectancy among Jews and Arabs, fundraising and land acquisition, irrigation projects, and recruiting for the Jewish Brigade, and foreign trade. • Mechner, E., artistic arrangement by Otte Wallish. Tel Aviv. (Series: New Palestine in Pictures.) Tel Aviv: The Maon Press, 1937. 31 leaves • Singer, Miriam. Kelle und Schwert: aus den Heldentagen von Dagania (lit. "Trowel and Sword: From the Heroic Days of Dagania", in German). Jerusalem: KKL Headquarters & Tel Aviv: Omanuth Verlag, 1935. Illustrations by Otte Wallisch. • Wallisch, Otte. ABC: Ein Bilderbuch (lit. "ABC: A Picture Book", in German). Jerusalem: Keren Kayemeth Leisrael, 1929 • Weichselbaum, S. Hundert Bäume (lit. "One Hundred Trees", in German). Tel Aviv: Omanuth Verlag, 1935. Illustrations by Otte Wallisch. • Ziman, Joshua. Erez Israel in figures. Jerusalem: Keren Kayemeth Leisrael, 1931 ==References==
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