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Outline of hydrology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

What type of thing is hydrology?
Hydrology can be described as all of the following: • a branch of science • a branch of natural science • a branch of physical science • a branch of Earth science • a branch of geography • a branch of physical geography Essence of hydrology WaterHydrologic cycleCryosphereOrigin of water on EarthWater distribution on Earth == Branches of hydrology ==
Branches of hydrology
Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle • Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water • Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle • Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers • Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications • Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere • Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water • Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface • Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchmentDrainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection. • Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. == History of hydrology ==
History of hydrology
History of hydrology == Things studied by hydrology ==
Things studied by hydrology
Abstract concepts in hydrology Field capacity Phenomena studied by hydrology Water movement pathways Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle") • Above groundEvaporation – • Pan evaporation – • Condensation – • Precipitation – condensed water, is pulled by gravity back to Earth, in the form of: • DrizzleRainSleetSnowGraupelHailInterception – • Evapotranspiration – • Stemflow – • Throughfall – • On groundSurface runoff – flow of surface waterFirst flushFloods • Flash floods • Overland flow – • Horton overland flow – • Below groundInfiltration – • Pipeflow – • Baseflow – • Subsurface flow – flow of ground water Physical things studied by hydrology Ground waterSoil moistureSurface water Environmental issues Desertification/Oasification – • Hypoxia – • Erosion – • Water pollution – ==Measurement tools==
Measurement tools
Groundwater Source: • Aquifer characterization :* Flow direction ::* Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test) ::* Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity ::* Geophysical methods • Vadose zone characterization • Infiltration • Infiltrometer - infiltration • Soil moisture • Capacitance probe-soil moistureTime domain reflectometer - soil moistureTensiometer - soil moisture • Solute sampling • Geophysical methods Surface water Source: :* Water budget method ::* Basin water balance – ::* Evaporation pan – ::* Lysimetry – ::* Soil moisture depletion – :* Water vapor transfer method ::* Bowen ratio – considers the energy budget ::* Eddy covariance – :* Component analysis ::* Porometry/Sap flow – ::* Interception loss – ::* Soil evaporation – :* Large-scale ::* Scintillometer – ::* Remote sensing estimates – ::* LIDARSoil/porous media Source: • Bulk density & porosity :* Oven dried sample – • Matric potential :* Suction plate – determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential :* Resistance thermometer – relates to matric potential from previous calibration • Hydraulic conductivity :* Disc permeameter – measures soil hydraulic conductivity :* Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area :* Slug test – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level • Piezometer – • Soil moisture content (water volume percentage) :* Frequency domain sensor – :* Time domain reflectometer – :* Neutron probeWater quality Source: • Conductivity :* Electrical conductivity – variety of probes used • pH :* pH meter – • Dissolved oxygen (DO) :* Winkler test – • Turbidity :* Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) – • Water clarity :* Secchi disk – • Bed load • Erosion/deposition ==Modeling==
Modeling
Behavioral modeling in hydrology Equations BasinHack's lawCatchmentWater balanceEvaporationPenman – • Penman-MonteithInfiltration/Soil MovementDarcy's law – :* Darcy-Weisbach – • Richards equationStreamflow/Open channelFick's law of diffusion – • Chézy formula – • Manning formula – • Strahler number – • Standard step method – computational technique for modeling steady state open channel surface profiles ErosionHjulström curveGroundwaterDupuit–Forchheimer assumption – • Groundwater flow equationPower/UncertaintyNash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficientGLUE Models Hydrological transport modelCanadian Land Surface SchemeCHyM – Cetemps Hydrological ModelDRAINMODDSSAMFEHMFlood Modeller ProGroundwater modelGSSHAHBV hydrology modelHEC-HMSHydroGeoSphereHydrologic evaluation of landfill performanceHydrological transport modelIsochrone mapLitpackMETRICMIKE 11MODFLOWMouseRheinBlick2050Runoff model (reservoir)SahysModSaltModSEDCADSHETRANStochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution ModelSWAT modelTemporal AnalystVfloWAFLEXWaterGAPWEAP • ZOOMQ3D == Applications of hydrology ==
Applications of hydrology
Some examples of applications of hydrology: • Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems • Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines • Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources • Designing bridges • Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation • Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity • Designing riparian restoration projects • Designing sewers and urban drainage system • Determining the agricultural water balance • Determining the water balance of a region • Fog collection • Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling • Predicting and mitigating flood, landslide and drought risk • Predicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation • Providing drinking water • Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning == Hydrology organizations ==
Hydrology organizations
Intergovernmental organizations International Hydrological Programme (IHP) International research bodies International Water Management Institute (IWMI) • UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education National research bodies Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK • Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK • eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland • Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany • United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States • NOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, USA • US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, USA • Hydrologic Research Center, USA • NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, USA • University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, USA • National Hydrology Research Centre, Canada • National Institute of Hydrology, India National and international societies Geological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division • American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section • National Ground Water Association (NGWA) • American Water Resources Association • Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) • International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) • Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS) • German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft) • Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – http://www.sii-ihs.it • Nordic Association for Hydrology • British Hydrological Society • Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission • International Association for Environmental Hydrology • International Association of Hydrogeologists Basin- and catchment-wide overviews • Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia • Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia == Hydrology publications ==
Hydrology publications
Hydrology-related journals Hydrological Processes, (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & SonsHydrology Research, , IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology) • Journal of Hydroinformatics, , IWA Publishing • Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, , ASCE Publication • Journal of HydrologyWater ResearchWater Resources ResearchHydrological Sciences Journal Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) (Print), (Online) == Persons influential in the field of hydrology ==
Allied sciences
Hydrology lists
Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world • Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide • Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuaries, and firths == See also ==
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