Outward Bound

Founding The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 by Lawrence Holt with financial support from the Blue Funnel Line shipping company based on the initiative of German educator Kurt Hahn. The name Outward Bound was derived from the nautical term for a ship leaving safe harbour for the open sea. Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award in the United Kingdom. Outward Bound's founding mission, during the Second World War, was to improve the survival chances of young seamen should their ships be torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic. James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school. This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. "Freddy" Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971. Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew. The Outward Bound Trust An educational charity, named The Outward Bound Trust, was established in 1946 to operate the original school in Wales. Aberdyfi remains the organisation's "nerve-centre" in the United Kingdom. Over the course of a summer in 2010, 7000 to 8,000 students attended courses at the Aberdyfi centre and more than a million young people have attended Outward Bound courses in the UK since 1941. Prince Philip served as the Patron of the Outward Bound Trust for several years before handing over to his son Prince Andrew, who resigned in November 2019. International expansion A school in Lumut, Malaysia opened in 1954, the first outside the United Kingdom. The first Outward Bound USA course was run in Puerto Rico in 1961 for the Peace Corps, which it helped to shape. Outward Bound New Zealand was founded in 1962, Outward Bound Singapore established in 1967 and in 1970. Outward Bound Costa Rica was founded in 1991. Outward Bound Peacebuilding was formed in the early 2000's in the US, working to leverage and link ideas related to peacebuilding and experiential education. Outward Bound International Outward Bound International was founded as a non-profit organisation in 2004 to license the use of the brand name "Outward Bound" and to provide support for the international network of schools. Today, there are organisations, called schools, in more than 34 countries with 250 wilderness and urban locations around the world which are attended by more than 250,000 students each year. Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the countries in which Outward Bound operates. Outward Bound's compass rose emblem serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world. ==Blue Peter nautical flag==

nautical flag indicates that a vessel is "outward bound". Outward Bound schools use and raise this flag to symbolise the journey starting for OB students at the start of a programme. The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the harbour. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white square inside a blue square). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson: ... Come, my friends. Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Though much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are -- One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. ==Course specifics==

, Ontario, Canada Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976) as: • Taking a ready, motivated learner • into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment, • along with a small group of people • who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks • which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and • leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed. • The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself. • The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer). In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days, often at a base camp, are spent training for the outdoor education activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions. ==See also==