Caprinae

) on display at the Museum of Osteology Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors: • Five are classified as endangered, • Eight as vulnerable, • Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and • Seven species are secure. Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over long for a full-grown grey goral (Naemorhedus goral), to almost long for a musk ox, and from under to more than . Musk oxen in captivity have reached over . The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area. The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew ''tso'n'' meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other. ==Evolution==

The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region. The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage. Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA. }} ==Species==

Phylogeny based on Hassanin et al., 2009 and Calamari, 2021. : ==Fossil genera==

The following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified: • Tribe Caprini • Genus Myotragus † • Myotragus balearicus† • Tribe Ovibovini • Genus Bootherium † • Bootherium bombifrons† • Genus Euceratherium † • Euceratherium collinum† • Genus Makapania † • Makapania broomi† • Genus Megalovis † • Genus Soergelia † • Soergelia mayfieldi† • Genus Speleotherium † • Speleotherium logani† • Genus Tsaidamotherium † • Tsaidamotherium brevirostrum† • Tsaidamotherium hedini† ;Unsorted • †Benicerus • †Boopsis • †Capraoryx • †Caprotragoides • †Criotherium • †Damalavus • †Gallogoral • †Lyrocerus • †Mesembriacerus • †Neotragocerus • †Nesogoral • †Norbertia • †Numidocapra • †Oioceros • †Olonbulukia • †Pachygazella • †Pachytragus • †Palaeoreas • †Palaeoryx • †Paraprotoryx • †Parapseudotragus • †Parurmiatherium • †Praeovibos • †Procamptoceras • †Prosinotragus • †Protoryx • †Protovis • †Pseudotragus • †Qurliqnoria • †Samotragus • †Sinocapra • †Sinomegoceros • †Sinopalaeoceros • †Sinotragus • †Sivacapra • †Sporadotragus • †Tethytragus • †Tossunnoria • †Turcocerus • †Urmiatherium ==Notes==