, occupied Poland, 1943 The so-called "pacification operations" were introduced along with all other
extermination policies directed against Poland already in September 1939, and were of a large scale, resulting in the confirmed murder of approximately 20,000 villagers. Massacres were conducted in the areas of
General Government,
Pomorze, and in the vicinities of
Białystok and
Greater Poland. The number of Polish settlements targeted in these operations is approximately 825 (in modern-day Poland,
see below). The regular German army conducted 760 mass executions during their march across
central Poland. Material losses from wanton destruction of Polish countryside unrelated to military maneuvers are estimated at 30 million
złoty in the area of General Government alone. As noted by World War II historians, the pacification actions were separate from the likes of
Operation Tannenberg. They were not a part of the
indiscriminate killings by the mobile
Einsatzkommando death squads active during the
invasion of Poland of 1939, and characterized by often deliberate targeting of civilian population by the invading forces, with the active participation of the German minority living in the
Second Polish Republic whose men joined the
SS armed
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz battalions in
West Prussia,
Upper Silesia and
Warthegau. In total, up to 200,000 Poles lost their lives at the beginning of war regardless of the nature of the conflict. Likewise, over 100,000 Poles died in the
Luftwaffe's
terror bombing operations. The pacification actions were conducted in west-central Poland as well in the eastern
Kresy regions re-captured from the USSR in 1941, including in the
Polesie Voivodeship,
Nowogródek Voivodeship and others, comprising most of contemporary
West Belarus. These tactics were the main local means of
the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Some 627 villages were razed in eastern Poland by the
SS with the help of collaborationist battalions including
Belarusian,
Ukrainian and others, during 60 pacification and 80 punitive operations there. The battalions of
Belarusian Home Defence (BKA) alone massacred some 30,000 Jews during pacification of villages.
Collective punishment was used during such operations to discourage offering shelter to Soviet
POWs and providing aid to any guerrilla forces. Pacifications included the extermination of entire villages including women and children, expulsions, the burning of homes, confiscation of private property, and arrests. In many instances the operations of this kind conducted jointly by the
Einsatzgruppen and the German
Order Police battalions, were characterized by extreme brutality. An example of such tactics was the
burning alive of 91 hostages including 31 women and 31 children in the village of
Jabłoń-Dobki in the
Białystok region on March 8, 1944. Once the fire got going, a grenade was thrown in.
German advance into Poland The first pacification action, conducted on the ground by the
Wehrmacht officers and soldiers, took place in
Złoczew on September 3 and 4, 1939, in which the German soldiers murdered some 200 Poles. According to historian
Alexander B. Rossino, the
atrocity was committed with the participation of the
1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), which was also involved in the murder of 50 Polish Jews in
Błonie near Warsaw, and the shooting actions in
Bolesławiec,
Torzeniec,
Goworowo,
Mława, and
Włocławek. LSSAH torched villages along the road without military justification. , July 12–13, 1943; massacre of 204 inhabitants: 102 men, 54 women and 48 children. According to article by Witold Kulesza published in
Komentarze Historyczne by the
Institute of National Remembrance, German Regiment
SS-Leibstandarte "Adolf Hitler" of the 17th Division arrived in Złoczew on September 3, 1939 on motorcycles and on bicycles. The burning of the town and mass killings began the same night. According to eye-witness Janina Modrzewska, who survived the pacification of Złoczew, the soldiers were killing everyone they saw. Total casualties amounted to 200 dead victims. From the air,
Luftwaffe planes bombed the villages of
Momoty Dolne,
Momoty Górne,
Pawłów,
Tokary,
Sochy and
Klew. Some places were subjected to multiple pacification operations. In the town of Aleksandrów in
Biłgoraj County between 1939 and 1944, German authorities murdered 290 civilians (444 according to
WIEM), wounded 43, deported 434 to forced labour camps, and burned at least 113 households. The
Białystok region fell under German occupation twice. Overrun by the Wehrmacht in 1939 it was the site of mass pacification actions even before it was ceded to the Soviets two weeks later in accordance with the
Nazi-Soviet pact. It was invaded again in the course of
Operation Barbarossa with similar results. At least 750 villages there had at least 10 inhabitants murdered, and at least 75 villages were destroyed completely (
see: table for partial list of names of villages and the number of dead victims). Modern international law considers these types of actions against civilians to constitute
genocide, whether conducted within national boundaries or in occupied territories.
The forcible depopulation of Zamojszczyzna Between November 1942 and March 1943 on direct orders from
Heinrich Himmler, 116,000 Polish men and women were expelled in just a few months during Action Zamość. In Polish historiography the events surrounding the
Nazi German roundups are often named alternatively as the
Children of Zamojszczyzna to emphasize the apprehension of around 30,000 children at that time, snatched away from their parents who were transported from Zamojszczyzna to concentration camps. The expulsions encompassed the districts of
Hrubieszów,
Tomaszów Lubelski,
Zamość and
Biłgoraj, and were completed in March 1943. In total 297 Polish villages were depopulated. == Villages and dead victims ==