Padmanabhan Balaram

Balaram received his bachelor's degree in chemistry from Fergusson College, University of Pune followed by a master's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and his PhD from Carnegie Mellon University with Aksel A. Bothner-By. he returned to the Indian Institute of Science, where he has been ever since as a faculty member in the Molecular Biophysics Unit. He presently holds a Chaired Professorship at the National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore. During his PhD, Balaram studied the use of negative Nuclear Overhauser effect signals as probes of macromolecular conformations. As a postdoc with Woodword, Balaram worked on the synthesis of the antibiotic erythromycin. ==Research==

Balaram's main area of research has been the investigation of the structure, conformation, and biological activity of designed and natural peptides. To do this, he has extensively used techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, and Circular Dichroism, along with X-ray crystallography. He has been a major contributor to the evaluation of factors influencing the folding and conformations of designed peptides, and has investigated structural elements playing a key role in the formation of secondary structural motifs such as helices, beta turns, and sheets. Along with Isabella Karle, a frequent collaborator, he has also pioneered the use of alpha-amino isobutyric acid to induce and retain helicity and constrain peptide conformations. Balaram has authored more than 400 research papers, and is a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. He was the editor of the journal Current Science until June 2013. ==Controversies and criticism==

In Jan 27, 2025 on direction of 71st City Civil and Sessions Court, Sadashivanagara Police Station of Bengaluru City Police booked Former director of IISc Padmanabhan Balaram including 15 other members under Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. ==References==