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Painted honeyeater

The painted honeyeater is a species of honeyeater in a monotypic genus.

Taxonomy
A member of the family Meliphagidae, Grantiella picta is the sole species under this genus. but it was renamed Grantiella picta in 1911 by Mathews. A study conducted by Driskell and Christidis but Grantiella picta was not one of the species investigated further. == Description ==
Description
Weighing around 20-25g, the painted honeyeater is a small bird that is approximately 16 cm in length, with a similar wingspan. Of the total length, the tail averages about 5.5 cm long and the bill 1.3 cm. Juveniles are even paler than the female, appearing more brown than black, with fainter yellow colouring to feathers and with a grey bill rather than the pink seen on adults. ==Distribution and habitat==
Distribution and habitat
The painted honeyeater is endemic to Australia and is found across eastern and northern parts of the country. Studies have been conducted which suggest that habitat areas which have undergone less fragmentation and land clearing may see a greater number of painted honeyeaters present. They have also been found to be more abundant in locations where there are a large number of trees present and a high percentage of canopy cover. ;New South Wales • Binya and CocoparraCapertee ValleyGoonooPilligaSouth-west Slopes of NSW ;Queensland • Boodjamulla ;Victoria • Warby-Chiltern Box-Ironbark Region == Behaviour ==
Behaviour
Vocalisation Commonly known to give the call "Georgie", which is broken into two notes, for example geor-gie or georg-EEE. or when they are settling down on the nest. A call sounding like "chur", has been recorded and associated with movement into and out of the nest, possibly signalling relief at returning to the nest. While the breeding patterns of some species of honeyeaters, such as the Regent honeyeater, are based around the nectar of a particular flowering tree, those of the painted honeyeater appear to be centred on the presence of mistletoe berries, The breeding season typically takes place from October through to March, the exact timing determined by the availability of resources, which can in turn be influenced by environmental conditions. Male painted honeyeaters generally arrive at the nesting site several weeks before the female, with both sexes leaving around the same time about 5 months later when mistletoe berry numbers begin to decline. Although the fruit is available all year, it is more plentiful over the warmer months, and dwindles as the temperature drops. It is believed the closeness of the fruit to the nesting sites allows the species to put more effort into other activities as a result of not having to go searching for food. The fact that this species builds nests at locations where the required resources are readily available has a direct influence on which habitats are chosen. The branching of mistletoes provides structure for the nest to be built in, and the dense foliage helps with concealment. Selecting mistletoe as a site for a nest may also offer a favourable microclimate, one that possibly provides a cooler environment during warmer periods. The life stages from the initiation of a clutch, through to hatching and fledging are a direct response to the availability of the berries as a food source, with fledging occurring just before berry ripening has reached its peak. Nests are cup-shaped and made from a variety of materials including fine roots, bark, and grass. Most honeyeaters have a mixed diet, consuming nectar, berries and insects from a range of sources and locations. The painted honeyeater is a frugivore, a dietary specialist dependent on the presence of mistletoe plants and its fruit; and the abundance of this species can usually be determined by the availability of this food source. Berries which grow on the grey mistletoe (Amyema quandang) are sources of carbohydrates, protein and water, and account for a significant amount of their diet. Mistletoe fruit is known to be low in amino acids and protein, so painted honeyeaters must rely on these other food sources to make up the remainder of their dietary requirements. ==Conservation status and threats==
Conservation status and threats
Painted honeyeaters are threatened by habitat loss. Listed as vulnerable in several states and territories in Australia, fragmentation and land-clearing of areas which provide habitat for the painted honeyeater pose serious threats to the survival of this species. Victoria • The painted honeyeater is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared. • On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the painted honeyeater is listed as vulnerable. New South Wales • Listed as vulnerable under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Australian Capital Territory • Listed as vulnerable under The Nature Conservation Act 1980. Queensland • Listed as vulnerable under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. Northern Territory • Listed as vulnerable under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000. The management of fragmented landscapes with a high concentration of mistletoe is vitally important in the conservation of the painted honeyeater, as their breeding success is affected by its abundance. Perceived as a pest in many regards, the mistletoe living within vegetation remnants plays an important role in helping to maintain both species populations and biodiversity. The density of mistletoe has been found to influence species richness, with endangered and declining species benefiting from the food resources this plant has to offer. Effective maintenance of mistletoe is needed in relation to the management of host species and agricultural practices which influence their abundance, and as a result the habitats of the painted honeyeater. Studies conducted suggest that remnants, such as the Acacia harpophylla remnants located in south Queensland, are important to the painted honeyeater as habitat destruction continues across its distribution range. The conservation and management of habitats which aim to protect the survival of species such as the regent honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia) and swift parrot (Lathamus discolor) may also aid in the conservation of the painted honeyeater. For this reason, consideration must be given to the direct influence mistletoe has in sustaining and providing for species populations, and in the conservation of these species. ==References==
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