Palatal click

In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this would require something like the guttural diacritic to distinguish uvular–palatal clicks. Common palatal clicks in these three transcriptions are: In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former. Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to , and on . In the 19th century, was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, , apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar. ==Features==

Features of palato-alveolar clicks: • The forward place of articulation is broad, with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth from the alveolar ridge to the palate. The release is a sharp, plosive sound. ==Occurrence==

Palatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages (the Khoe, Kxʼa, and Tuu families), where they are extremely common, and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi. ==Fricated palatal clicks==

Ekoka ǃKung has a series of laminal postalveolar-to-palatal clicks with a noisy, fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks. These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and (inaccurately) as retroflex clicks. Unlike typical palatal clicks, which have a sharp, abrupt release, these have a slow, turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled ; they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click. The release has also been described as lateral. Like the clicks they derive from, they do not have the retracted tongue root and back-vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks. A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is , though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates. Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ-like letter for palatal clicks, . ==Percussive release==

Clement Doke noted a nasal palatal click with slapped release, , in ǃKung, analogous to the percussive alveolar clicks of Sandawe. ==See also==