It is associated with various physiological as well as pathological changes, or may be a normal finding: •
Portal hypertension •
Chronic liver disease (including
chronic hepatitis) •
Pregnancy •
Polycythemia •
Thyrotoxicosis •
Rheumatoid arthritis (especially in patients with polycythaemia) •
Eczema and
psoriasis • Deep
telangiectasias • Coxsackievirus A infection (
Hand, foot and mouth disease) • Secondary
syphilis •
Kawasaki disease •
Adverse drug reaction:
palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (acral erythema) Because circulating levels of estrogen increase in both cirrhosis and pregnancy, estrogen was thought to be the main cause for the increased vascularity. More recently, nitric oxide has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of palmar erythema.{{Cite book |vauthors= Nevzati E, Shafighi M, Bakhtian KD, Treiber H, Fandino J, Fathi AR |chapter=Estrogen Induces Nitric Oxide Production Via Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation in Endothelial Cells |date=2015 |periodical=
Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement |volume=120 |pages=141–145 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_24 ==Treatment==