In 1975, Ann M. Anderson described a new ichnospecies of
Petalichnus from the
Table Mountain Sandstone of
South Africa,
P. capensis,
Ordovician in time. Its ichnospecific name
capensis refers to the
type locality in the
Cape Province of South Africa. Anderson noted that
P. capensis was larger than the rest of the
Petalichnus ichnospecies, as well as the presence of an unusual median drag line for the ichnogenus (although this was not present in all the specimens). However, in 1999, Simon J. Braddy and John E. Almond formally reclassified some specimens of
Petalichnus capensis to
Palmichnium due to the possession of four tracks and a medium line, the rest of the specimens were referred to
Petalichnus brandenburgensis. The trackway of
P. capensis is defined as medium-sized (largest track 13.6 cm, 5.4 in wide) and consists of several symmetrical series of four tracks, each formed by a simple oval or tear-shaped mark with small impressions on the sides, sometimes bilobed (divided into two lobes) and intermittent formed by closely spaced series. These tracks were located at a low angle with respect to the sometimes present median line, which is believed to be due to the
telson ("tail") touching the substrate. The bilobed marks is thought to be "eight"-shaped due to the long spines of the sixth appendage of an
onychopterellid eurypterid, presumably
Onychopterella augusti, using a swimming stroke-like motion. In 1983,
Derek E. Gilmor Briggs and William D. Ian Rolfe described two new ichnospecies from
Pennsylvania,
P. kosinskiorum and
P. stoermeri. The trace fossil of both ichnospecies were collected at a party from the
Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh in 1948. Its large size attracted the attention of the press, which attributed it to three-clawed
amphibian hopping bipedally. The median line, the nature of the footprints and the lack of a suitable hopping vertebrate at the time rule out any hypothesis of an amphibian or vertebrate as the author of the footprints. In the case of invertebrates, it was concluded that only a large eurypterid that walked on six legs (hexapodous) could have produced the tracks. Braddy erected in 1995
P. macdonaldi for Lower
Permian trackways found in the
Hueco Formation of
New Mexico, becoming the youngest species of the ichnogenus. The specimens, including holotype P23404, are housed in the
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. The ichnospecies is named in honor of Jerry MacDonald, the discoverer and local collector of the
ichnofauna of the
Robledo Mountains. The prints had a width of 25 mm (1 in) and consisted of symmetrical series of three to four pairs of impressions, large paddle-shaped outer tracks of 12 mm (0.5 in) in length and two or three internal linear impressions. In front of some outer tracks there is a slight curvilinear impression slightly convex outwards, possibly representing the recovery of a stroke of an appendage. There are also present inner tracks, small and linear scritches. An intermittent median groove preserved in the middle of the trackway is situated between the outer tracks. The producer of the footprints was a small arthropod with long and paddle-shaped posterior appendages and with three pairs of appendages in front, using an in-phase gait. Due to these characteristics it has been suggested that the producer was
Adelophthalmus luceroensis, which has been found in nearby deposits (
Madera Formation, central New Mexico). In 1843, the English geologist and paleontologist
William Buckland described the now called BGS GSM 26037 (housed at the
British Geological Survey in
Nottingham,
England) specimen as the result of the repeated impressions of three
bony processes of the
pectoral fin of an ambulatory (related or adapted to walk)
fish,
Icthyopatolites. The specimen was collected in
Mostyn,
Wales, and is
Westphalian (Late Carboniferous) in age. However, in 1996, Braddy and Lyall I. Anderson recognized the track as clearly that of a moderately large (around 20 cm, 7.9 in long) hexapodous arthropod similar to the eurypterid traits that were described before in other papers, and named it
Palmichnium pottsae. Although the leg morphology of the Carboniferous eurypterids is poorly known or completely unknown, the trackway fits with the maximum leg span of
Adelophthalmus, approximately 10 cm (3.9 in).
P. pottsae produced large trackways with asymmetric rows of three paired impressions along several irregular prints. It lacked a median line, but it has been suggested that this is due to the buoyancy of the water surrounding the abdomen of the animal or the active held up of the telson on the substrate without touching it, allowing better
locomotion. The total length of the trackway was 37 cm (14.6 in). The outer tracks of the right and left series of the trackway were curvilinear or linear grooves, as well as the intermediate tracks, which were smaller than the outer ones. The internal tracks of both series were the smallest and with a bifid (cleft-like) form. There were also several irregular tracks that did not belong to any of the series. Although the assignment of
P. pottsae to
Palmichnium should mean the synonymy of
Icthyopatolites with the first ichnogenus, Braddy and Anderson avoided formally synonymizing them because Buckland informally described
Icthyopatolites and without an established diagnosis. Early Devonian trackways have also been found in Alken an der Mosel, Germany. ==References==