Paperback Software International Ltd. was a software company founded in 1983 by Adam Osborne to manufacture discount software such as word processor Paperback Writer and related spell checker Paperback Speller, spreadsheet VP-Planner, database VP-Info, and the VP-Expert artificial intelligence software. VP-Planner was developed by James Stephenson of Stephenson Software Ltd. VP-Expert was developed by Brian Sawyer. The company was headquartered in Berkeley, California.