Papilio helenus

Papilio helenus is rarely found in Sri Lanka, southern and north-east India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, southern China (including Hainan, Guangdong province), Taiwan, southern Japan, South Korea, Ryukyu Islands, peninsular and eastern Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bangka, Kalimantan, the Lesser Sunda Islands except Tanimbar). ==Description==

Papilio helenus is generally uncommon and slightly threatened (in certain places). It is very commonly found Maharashtra, but also rarely in Gujarat and parts of Kerala. Its history can be traced back to Assam and Western Ghats, where it is currently endemic. ==Taxonomy==

Species group Papilio helenus is the nominate member of the helenus species group. The members of this clade are: • Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 • Papilio iswara White, 1842 • Papilio iswaroides Fruhstorfer, 1898 • Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836 • Papilio nubilus Staudinger, 1895 • Papilio sataspes C. & R. Felder, 1865 Subspecies There are up to thirteen different subspecies, two of which occur in India: • P. h. daksha Moore - South India. Not rare • P. h. helenus Linnaeus - Mussoorie to Myanmar. Common and one in Taiwan: • P. h. fortunius Fruhstorfer, 1908 ==Life cycle==

This butterfly flies throughout the year in southern India. Eggs The egg is pale apricot-yellow in colour when freshly deposited, spherical in shape and has a slightly roughened exterior which looks like the skin of an orange when seen through a microscope. The diameter of an egg is 1.2 mm. The eggs are deposited singly on the tips of very young leaves and shoots in shady parts of thick jungle. Before hatching, the eggs appear to be marked by chocolate coloured lines and flecks. The egg hatches in 4 to 7 days. Caterpillar The freshly emerged larva is about 3 mm long. Throughout the caterpillar stage, if it is agitated it can evert a yellow-to-red osmeterium from the first segment, just behind the head. Each of the other segments bears, on the back, a pair of tufts of stiff hairs, each tuft arising from a small, yellowish conical process. The overall colour is brown, but there is a whitish saddle-like patch about the middle and the tail segments are also whitish in colour. Like other Papilio species the larva can evert a two-pronged horn-like osmeterium when it is irritated. The osmeterium secretes an repugnatorial|unpleasant-smelling liquid which is believed to repel predators and parasites. After the first moult the caterpillar has the appearance of a shiny bird dropping. The larva is grass green in colour, mottled black and white and smoky grey. The osmeterium, when everted, is generally yellow to red. While inactive, mainly during daylight hours, the young larva lies along the midrib of the underside of the leaf. Later on, when it is largely fully grown, it is greener and lies on the centre of the upperside of the leaf, on a stem or a twig. The fifth instar larva is about 5 cm long. ==See also==