Ferae

In mirorder Ferae The common features for members of this mirorder are: • ossified tentorium cerebelli, • fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist, • and the a network of diploic venous channels throughout their cranial vault. In clade Pan-Carnivora The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are: • binocular vision, • sharp claws, • heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat, • canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant, • and presence of the carnassial teeth. Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals. However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P4 and m1, in Oxyaenodonta are M1 and m2, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M2 and m3. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet. == Classification and phylogeny ==

Sister groups to Ferae According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade Pan-Euungulata (group that includes mirorder Euungulata and extinct genus Protungulatum). Together they form grandorder Ferungulata. An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order Perissodactyla, with whom they form a clade Zooamata. Together, clade Zooamata and order Chiroptera form clade Pegasoferae, and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order Artiodactyla within clade Scrotifera. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal. Position of pangolins and creodonts within clade Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans, forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique and comparison of protein and DNA sequences revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago. and Altacreodus. Taxonomy Alternative classification and possible fossil members In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene eutherian mammals have been proposed to be possible members of Ferae, like members of orders Mesonychia, Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Arctocyonidae, Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Palaeoryctidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae. Mesonychians are proposed to be a sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids were polyphyletic, with genera Arctocyon and Loxolophus as a sister taxa to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, and other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctids. == See also ==