Despite its French origins, Parnassianism was not restricted to French authors. Perhaps the most idiosyncratic of Parnassians,
Olavo Bilac,
Alberto de Oliveira's disciple, was an author from
Brazil who managed carefully to craft verses and metre while maintaining a strong emotionalism in them.
Polish Parnassians included
Antoni Lange,
Felicjan Faleński,
Cyprian Kamil Norwid and
Leopold Staff. A Romanian poet with Parnassian influences was
Alexandru Macedonski.
Florbela Espanca was a Parnassian Portuguese poet (Larousse), as was
Cesário Verde. Many prominent Turkish poets of
Servet-i Fünun such as
Tevfik Fikret,
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and Cenap Şahabettin were inspired by Parnassianism. British poets such as
Andrew Lang,
Austin Dobson and
Edmund Gosse were sometimes known as "English Parnassians" for their experiments in old (often originally French) forms such as the
ballade, the
villanelle and the
rondeau, taking inspiration from French authors like Banville.
Gerard Manley Hopkins used the term
Parnassian pejoratively to describe competent but uninspired poetry, “spoken
on and from the level of a poet’s mind”. He identified this trend particularly with the work of
Alfred Tennyson, citing the poem "
Enoch Arden" as an example. ==See also==