Patarei as a Central Prison In 1919, the fort replaced Tallinn’s previous jails in
Toompea Castle and the
Fat Margaret artillery tower, which had been damaged in fires during the revolutions of 1917. Before 1919, prisons had been under the jurisdiction of local municipal governments. After the independence, they went under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. The complex, which also included a hospital, was the largest prison in Estonia with a capacity for nearly 1,000 prisoners. The building was fortified with internal walls, partition walls, iron gates and double bars on some of the windows. In 1925 and 1926, separate sections were built on the second storey of the main building to host the increasing number of imprisoned communists, following the
Trial of the 149 (November 1924) and the
attempt to overthrow the government after 1 December 1924. The prison’s capacity was further enlarged to host approximately 1,500 prisoners in the 1930s, with the addition of the second and third blocks. To save public money, the prisoners had to earn their upkeep in a sewing workshop, print shop, bindery and other facilities located within the complex. As an indication of domestic peace and on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Estonia, the newly elected Estonian President
Konstantin Päts announced a political
amnesty in 1938. Thus, 104 communists and 79 members of the
War of Independence veterans’ movement were released from Patarei Prison. By the summer of 1940, 36 persons accused of espionage for the Soviet Union, and seven persons who had been imprisoned for political reasons, still remained in Patarei Prison alongside criminal offenders. In addition to 36 spies for the Soviet Union, the last three communists arrested for participating in the attempted coup of 1 December 1924 (Aleksander Mui, Kristjan Seaver and Alfred Sein) were released. The Central Prison was now given the official name Estonian SSR NKVD Prison no. 1. Smaller places of detention were additionally set up. Under the management of the new director and after Estonia was declared a
Soviet Socialist Republic in July 1940, the convictions of persons held in all penal institutions were reviewed. The chairman of the board was the representative of the Communist Party. Sentences were often shortened. 92 prisoners were released and their convictions were expunged. Persons in custody were interrogated at
Pagari Street and in Patarei. Persons sentenced to death by the military tribunal of the NKVD troops were in most cases taken in groups of three or more prisoners from Patarei to the Internal Prison in Pagari Street according to the orders of the Estonian SSR People’s Commissar for the NKVD or his deputy. After a
war broke out between the Soviet Union and Germany, the number of arrested persons started growing quickly in June and July 1941. The transportation of convicted persons to the Soviet Union became a mass evacuation of prisoners and in some places an indiscriminate execution of persons in custody as the front line approached. By the start of the war, there were 1,651 persons in custody in Patarei, most of whom were evacuated to Siberian prison camps in the Soviet Union. The last 150 prisoners were taken away from Tallinn by ship, when the connection to the Soviet rear was cut off. Less than 5% of the prisoners taken to Russia saw Estonia again.
1941–1944: Tallinn Labour and Correctional Camp no. 1 For a brief period of time in August 1941, the prison ceased to operate. German forces occupied Tallinn on 28 August 1941 after the
Soviet evacuation of Tallinn. By 28 August, there were no prisoners in Patarei apart from a small number of persons left in the prison hospital. All local penal institutions (including Patarei) and police authorities went under the control of the
new occupying regime and the German Security Service (the
SD). and
Vaivara) were set up by the orders of
Wehrmacht units. By October 1941, 2,600 persons were already in custody at Patarei, though its normal capacity was 1,200. Patarei Prison remained the central penal institution in the SD system throughout the entire German occupation. The former central prison was renamed Tallinn Labour and Correctional Camp (Estonian abbreviation TKL) no. 1. Despite uncertain data, it is likely that executions of persons detained in Patarei were carried out in the last four months of 1941 and in early 1942. In the two following years, the complex was used as a forced labour camp, where persons under preliminary investigation were detained together with convicted persons. detainees in August, when prisoners brought over from other prisons and camps were assembled in Patarei prior to being loaded onto ships.
1944–1991: Remand isolator no. 1 Patarei Prison’s activities were temporarily interrupted in September 1944. By 10 March 1945, there were 3,620 arrested persons in Patarei alone. Patarei remained the central prison under the administration of the Estonian SSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Persons held in custody were taken to the Internal Prison of the Ministry of State Security on Pagari Street for interrogations. In September 2005, the complex was opened as a temporary museum by the Museums of Virumaa; however it almost immediately closed after safety concerns, and the Museums of Virumaa withdrew from the project in July 2006. State Real Estate Ltd. oversaw the building while many discussions took place regarding improving the state of the complex, preservation of its historical significance and possible future arrangements of the building. The principal proposals were a museum complex, a cultural and leisure centre, a hotel with a yacht harbour, offices and apartments. In 2019, Estonian entrepreneur Urmas Sõõrumaa bought the complex for €4.6 million. Sõõrumaa intends to execute a combination of the aforementioned ideas. In 2019, Patarei Prison Museum opened in the complex on the initiative of the Estonian Institute of Historical Memory. The International Museum for the Victims of Communism and an accompanying research centre is expected to open on the 14th of June 2026. == List of notable people imprisoned in Patarei ==