Paul Ghalioungui

Ghalioungui was born in Mansoura, Egypt to an Eastern Orthodox Christian family of Greek descent. His great-grandfather was a man named Kyriacos Kaliontzis, whose children later changed the family surname to the more Arabic-sounding “Ghalioungui”. An Egyptian by birth, education, and practice, he writes of present and past Egyptian medicine (in Arabic, English and French) as only a clinician could write whose hobby was Egyptian archaeology and medical history. "It has long been my conviction that the medical history of a nation should be written by a native. A practising physician, Dr. Ghalioungui proves this contention." Paul Ghalioungi was president of the XXIXth International Congress of the History of Medicine, Egypt-Cairo December 26, 1984 – January 1, 1985. The main theme was Egyptian medicine up to the 3rd century of the Christian era, Islamic medicine, and east–west relations. Ghalioungui was familiar with both ancient Egyptian and modern medicine. He was a founder or member of several medical societies in Egypt, as well as Swiss and American endocrinology societies, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the International Society of the History of Medicine. During his career, he spent periods of study and professional activity in Austria, England, France, Kuwait, Switzerland, and the United States. He frequently cited the phrase, “Life is short. Art is long. Experience is fallible. Opportunity is fleeting. Judgment is difficult,” in his lectures and writings. He had many connections and correspondence with international scientists. Some of his letters to them are preserved abroad. Perhaps his interest in the history of medicine started from publishing his paper "Sur deux formes d'obésité représentées dans l'Égypte ancienne" on obesity and its types in Ancient Egypt, which represented a connection between his work as an endocrinologist and the history of medicine. Education :MB BCh from Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt :MSc from Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine :M.D. in Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) from Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine :MRCP ==Scientific and clinical career==

:Registrar to the Medical Unit, Kasr el Aini Hospital, Cairo, Egypt :Chairman of the Departments of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine :Member of the International Society for the History of Medicine. ==Scientific contributions==

• Famous writer on the History of Medicine in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. • "Paul Ghalioungui suggested in 1963 that the Egyptians "were the first in History to dare look at the other side of the abyss that separates magic from Medicine" The art of healing in ancient Egypt: a scientific reappraisal. The Lancet, Volume 372, Issue 9652, Pages 1802-1803 by R. David • Publication of Ibn al-Nafis role in discovery of blood circulation and the "Theory of Blood Capillaries". Dr. Paul Ghalioungui summarizes the fundamental changes Ibn al-Nafis made to the incorrect Galenic-Avicennian theory • "Denying the existence of any pores through the interventricular septum." • "The flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where its lighter parts filter into the pulmonary vein to mix with air." • "The notion that blood, or spirit from the mixture of blood and air, passes from the lung to the left ventricle, and not in the opposite direction." • "The assertion that there are only two ventricles, not three as stated by Avicenna." • "The statement that the ventricle takes its nourishment from blood flowing in the vessels that run in its substance (i.e. the coronary vessels) and not, as Avicenna maintained, from blood deposited in the right ventricle." • "A premonition of the capillary circulation in his assertion that the pulmonary vein receives what comes out of the pulmonary artery, this being the reason for the existence of perceptible passages between the two." About capillaries theory he wrote: Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation in his assertion that the pulmonary vein receives what comes out of the pulmonary artery, this being the reason for the existence of perceptible passages between the two." • Publishing the English edition of the Ebers Papyrus, which is a scroll 20.23 meters in length and contains 108 columns of text. It is dated to the reign of Amenophis I (1536 B.C.). This papyrus was published and translated by different researchers (the most valuable is the German edition Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter, and based on the Ghalioungui edition) • In 1963 Ghalioungui found that, whilst urine from non-pregnant women prevented the growth of (modern) barley and wheat, it proved impossible to detect the sex of an unborn child from the rate of growth of either grain. Nevertheless, the fact that the Egyptians recognised that urine carried the pregnancy factor was remarkable. The standardisation of reliable urine tests for pregnancy did not occur until 1929. • Identified the aaa disease in the Ebers Papyrus as schistosomiasis == Publications ==

Publishing editor • 1985 F. A. Sondervorst, J.-C. Sournia, P. Ghalioungui "XXIXth International Congress of the History of Medicine, Cairo December 26th 1984-January 1, 1985: Proceedings", Language: English, French, The International Society of the History of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, 1985, 2 vol., XIX-639 p. Editor • "ABD AL-LATIF (AL-BAGHDADI) Maqalatann fi-l-Hawass wa Masa'il Tabi'iya" Kuwait, Government Press, 1972 in-8, 205 pp.; texte arabe édité par Ghalioungui Paul et Abdou Said Translator • Questions on Medicine for Scholars / By Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq; translated into English with a Preface and historical Note bt Paul Ghalioungui 1 vol., XLIX-162 p.; 25 cm. Al-Ahram Center for scientific translations, Cairo, Egypt, 1980 298 pages, Publisher: Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo (1987), Language: English, ASIN: B0006ERXEG • 1985 Paul Ghalioungui "Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, tabib Al-Qarn Al-Sadis Al-Hijri: Shakhsiyatuhu, Injazatuh" عبد اللطيف البغدادي : طبيب القرن السادس الهجري : شخصيته، إنجازاته Authors: Paul Ghalioungui, Muwaffaq al-Din Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Language: Arabic Format: Book, 230 pages, Publication Date: January 1985, Alam Al-Arab series, General Book Organisation, Cairo 1985 , Language: Arabic • 1983 Paul Ghalioungui "La Medecine Des Pharaons: Magie Et Science Medicale Dans L'Egypte Ancienne" Book - January 1983 • 1983 Ghalioungui, Paul. The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt. Sonderschrift 10. Cairo: Al- Ahram Center for Scientific Translations; Springfield, VA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce. National Technical Information Service, 1983. • 1983 Paul Ghalioungui "The physicians of Pharonic Egypt", 115 pages, Publisher: Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Cairo (1983), Language: English, ASIN: B0006YCXJG • 1983 Ghalioungui, P. "The physicians of Pharaonic Egypt (Sonderschrift / Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut. Abteilung Kairo)"Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, West Germany 1983. • 1983, 1984 Paul Ghalioungui "The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt" by National Library of Medicine (U.S.), Book - January 1983 Language: English • 1980 Paul Ghalioungui "Questions on medicine for scholars by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq", translated by Paul Ghalioungui, from a critical edition by Galal M. Moussa, Ph.D., of the Ninth Century Arabic Text, "Al Masā'il fī al-ṭibb lil muta'allimin (An English translation of the Ḥunayn 's original treatise has been published in Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Cairo 1980) • 1980 Ghalioungui "Questions on medecine", Le Caire, 1980, in La médecine arabe et l'occident médiéval, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1990, p. 47-48. 1970s • 1979 Ghalioungui, P "Kul-- La Takul" Book on correction of Arabic Language pronunciation mistakes - January 1979 • 1979 Paul Ghalioungui "Selections from history of Medicine" قطوف من تاريخ الطب / تأليف بول غليونجي ؛ تصدير إبراهيم مدكور, 1 vol., Pp. 327, Bibliography, Language: Arabic, Publisher: Ain Shams University, Cairo. • 1977 William J. Darby, Paul Ghalioungui, Louis Grivetti "Food: the Gift of Osiris" Language: English, San Francisco; London; New York City: Academic Press, United States of America, 1977, 2 vol., (vol.2); 0-12-203401-5 (vol.1) A two-volume history of food in Egypt. Language: English • Paul Ghalioungui "The House of Life: Per Ankh Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt" • 1973 Paul Ghalioungui "The House of Life: Per Ankh Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt" Book - January 1973 A comprehensive overview of the extensive medical knowledge held by the Ancient Egyptians. • 1963, 1965 Ghalioungui, P. The House of Life, Per Ankh: Medicine and Magic in Ancient Egypt. Amsterdam: B. M. Israel Boekhandel, 1973. A revision of Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt. London: Hodder and Stoughton,1963. Reprinted New York, Barnes & Noble, 1965. Language: Arabic • Paul Ghalioungui, "Ibn an-Nafis" • 1983 Paul Ghalioungui, "Ibn an-Nafis", General Book Organisation, Cairo, 1983 Language: Arabic, Al-Dar Al- Masryiah for Publication, Cairo. 1 vol., 199 pp. • 1970 Paul Ghalioungui "Ibn Nafis" ابن النفيس, in Studies in the Arabic Heritage, Ministry of information of Kuwait. • 1966 Paul Ghalioungui, "Ibn an-Nafis" ابن النفيس, Alam Al-Arab series, Cairo, 1966 Language: Arabic, Al-Dar Al- Masryiah for Publication, Cairo. 1 vol., 199 pp. 1960s • 1965 Paul Ghalioungui "Thyroid enlargement in Africa,: With special reference to the Nile Basin (Memoires de l'Institut d'Egypte)", Author/Creator:Ghalioungui, Paul. Published:Cairo: National Information and Documentation Centre, 1965. Format:Book Physical Desc.:132 p.: ill., maps.; 24 cm. Language:English Arabic Series:Mémoires de l'Institut d'Egypte; Note:Added t.p.: in Arabic. Contributor:Egypt Institute (1918- ), ASIN: B0006FF46E • Paul Ghalioungui "Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt" • 1965 Paul Ghalioungui "Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt", Publisher: Barnes And Noble; Reprint edition (January 1, 1965), ASIN: B001TD8ZOU • 1963 Paul Ghalioungui, Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt (Cairo, Amsterdam and London 1963) Language: Arabic and English • 1963 Ghalioungui, Paul. "Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt". London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1963. 2. überarbeitete Auflage veröffentlicht als: "Per Ankh: Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt". Amsterdam: Israels Boekhandel, 1973. Eine weitere Auflage dieses Werks, mit einem zusätzlichen Kapitel über Pathologie erschien als: "La Médecine des pharaons: Magie et science médicale dans l'Egypte ancienne" (= Les énigmes de l'univers). Paris, 1983. • 1980 Paul Ghalioungui and Zeineb el Dawakhly "HEALTH AND HEALING IN ANCIENT EGYPT" Publisher: Dar Al-Maaref Cairo (1980), ASIN: B000IWE9RK • 1965 GHALIOUNGUI, Paul, Health and Healing in Ancient Egypt, Cairo, 1965. • 1965 Paul Ghalioungui "Health and healing in ancient Egypt,: A pictorial essay", 50 pages, Publisher: Dar al-Maaref, Cairo (1965), Language: English, ASIN: B0006FF400 • 1965 Ghalioungui, P. and Dawakhly, Z. el-. Health and Healing in Ancient Egypt: A Pictorial Essay. Publisher: The Organization for Authorship and Translation, Cairo, 1965. • 1965 Ghalioungui, Paul and Zeineb el Dawakhly "HEALTH AND HEALING IN ANCIENT EGYPT" الحضارة الطبية في مصر القديمة / بول غليونجي، زينب الدواخلي ؛ [مقدمة شارل كوينتز] Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo n/d. First Edition., Language: English and Arabic, 1965, Description 1 vol., 50-174-55 p. • 1960 Ghalioungui, Paul "Medicine and Magic" طب وسحر / بول غليونجي, Language: Arabic, Dar Al-Qalam for printing and Publishing, Al-Nahda press, Cairo 1960, 1 vol., 118 pp. • 1965 Health and Healing in ancient Egypt / Paul Ghalioungui, Zeinab el Dawakhly الحضارة الطبية في مصر القديمة / بول غليونجي، زينب الدواخلي ؛ مقدمة شارل كوينتز • Paul Ghalioungui "Endocrines, vitamins, and some common metabolic disorders" • 1963 Paul Ghalioungui, Ahmed Ghareeb "Endocrines, vitamins, and some common metabolic disorders" Author/Creator:Ghalioungui, Paul. Published:[. Format:Book Physical Desc.:351 p. ill. Related Items:1st ed. has title: Endocrines, gout & vitamins, including diabetes. Dar al-Maaref, Cairo 1963 Contributor:Ghareeb, Ahmed. Language:English Edition:3rd ed. • 1960 Paul Ghalioungui "Endocrines, vitamins and some come common metabolic disorders" Cairo, 1960 • 1955 Paul Ghalioungui "Endocrines, Gout & Vitamins (including Diabetes)" Al-Maaref Press, Cairo (1955), ASIN: B001RYU5JY 1950s • 1958 Ghalioungi P. "Medicine in Ancient Egypt". الطب عند قدماء المصريين / بول غليونجي Egypt: Dar Al. Ma'arif, Cairo 1958 Language: Arabic, 1 vol., 88 pp. Articles Articles on History of Medicine 1980s • 1988 The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt, by Paul Ghalioungui, published in The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 47/3, pp. 199–201 (Chicago) • 1986 Ghalioungui, P. "A Comparison Between the Medical Plants Mentioned in Graeco-Roman and Ancient Egyptian Papyri." Bulletin of the Center of Papyrological Studies 3 (1986): 9–16. • 1980 Ghalioungui, P. "Medicine in Ancient Egypt." In An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies, ed. J. E. Harris and E. F. Wente, 52–98. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. • 1983 P. Ghalioungui, "Was Ibn al-Nafis unknown to the scholars of the Scholars of the European Renascence Clio Med., 18, 1-4, 1983 Pp 37-42 • 1983 ANAWATI, G. and P. GHALIOUNGUI: "The Device of Healing in: The Medical Treatises of Averroes at E1 Escorial," Cairo: AI-Ahram, 1983. • 1980s Prof. Paul Ghalioungui "THERAPY BY FOODS OR DRUGS? The preference of foods by Islamic physicians out of compassion towards their patients". EGYPT. • 1983 Ghalioungui, Paul. "The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt" (= SDAIK, 10). Mainz, 1983. [AEB 83.1130 English] • 1981 Ghalioungui, P. "Remarques sur la structure du corps medical egyptien ـ l'epoque pharaonique." In Bulletin du Centenaire, 11–18. Bulletin de l'Institut Franهais d'Archىologie Orientale Supplement. Vol. 81, Cairo: Institut Franهais d'Archىologie Orientale, 1981. • 1977 Paul Ghalioungui "The legend of Abdullatif al-Baghdady's "spirit"", Language: English, Institut français d'Archéologie orientale (Ifao), Annales islamologiques. – Le Caire : Institut français d'Archéologie orientale (Ifao), t.13, 1977. 1 vol., P.257-267 • 1976 F. Daumas et P. Ghalioungui "Quelques représentations de maladies oculaires dans l'ancienne Égypte", Language: French, "Chronique d'Égypte", Belgium t.50, n°101, 1976 P. 17-29 • 1975 GHALIOUNGUI (Paul) "Les plus anciennes femmes-médecins de l'Histoire (The oldest Female Physician in History)" (Article in French) about Peseshet, who lived under the Fourth Dynasty, is often credited with being the earliest known female physician in ancient Egypt. Her title was "lady overseer of the female physicians," • 1975 Ghalioungui, Paul. "Les plus anciennes femmes-médicins de l'histoire". BIFAO 75 (1975): 159–164. • 1971 HABACHI, L. & GHALIOUNGUI, Paul "The 'House of Life' of Bubastis", Chronique d'Égypte, Bulletin périodique de la Foundation Éyptologique Reine Élisabeth, Tome XLVI. Foundation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth. Bruxelles, 46, 1971, pp59–71 1960s • 1969 Ghalioungui, Paul. 1969. "Parasitic disease in Ancient Egypt" Bull. Inst. Egypte 48-49:13- • 1969 Ghalioungui, Paul. "Ancient Egyptian Remedies and Mediaeval Arabic Writers". BIFAO 68 (1969): 41–46. • 1969 GHALIOUNGUI, Paul Miguel Servet, "Ibn al Nafis". Gac. Méd. Esp., 43, 1969. • 1969 Paul Ghalioungui "The "smr" Animal of the Ebers Papyrus". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, ISSN 0255-0962, Nº 68, 1969, pags. 39-40 • 1968 Ghalioungui, P. "The Relation of Pharaonic to Greek and Later Medicine." Bulletin of the Cleveland Medical Library 15 (1968): 96–107. • 1965, 1966 Ghalioungui, Paul, and Samir Guindi. 1965–6. "The Persistence of the Use of Catamenial Blood." Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte 47: 65. • 1964 GHALIOUNGUI (Paul) "Sur l'exophthalmie de quelques statuettes de l'Ancien Empire" [avec 4 planches]. BIFAO 62 (1964), p. 63-65 • 1963 Ghalioungui, P., Khalil, S. and Ammar, A. R. "On an Ancient Egyptian Method of Diagnosing Pregnancy and Determining Foetal Sex." Medical History 7 (1963): 241–46. • 1963 Ghalioungui, Paul. "The Medical Objects in the Cairo Museum". Egypt Travel Magazine 103 (1963): 6–15. • 1961 GHALIOUNGUI, P "La medicina en tiempo de los faraones" Symposium Ciba 1961 (5): 206-220 • 1961 Ghalioungui, Paul "Medicine in the days of the pharaohs". Ciba symposium. [Offprint] v. 9, no. 5, 1961, p. [206]-220 • 1961 Ghalioungui, P. "Algunas aspectos de la cirugia operatoria." Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Historia de la Medicina 9/23 (1961): 337–355. • 1949 Ghalioungui, Paul. "Sur deux formes d'obésité représentées dans l'Égypte ancienne". ASAE 49 (1949): 303–316. Medical Articles • 1963 A SIGN OF DESCENDING GOITRE by Paul Ghalioungui The Lancet, Volume 281, Issue 7292, Page 1218, 1 June 1963 • 1963 GHALIOUNGI P. "THE MODERN MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS".J Egypt Med Assoc. 1963;46:705-16. • 1959 "THE CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN THE TREATMENT OF THYROTOCICOSIS" Creator/Author Sinna, I.A.A.; Ghalioungi, P.; El Tawdy, S.D.; Kazim, I.; Gharib, A.M. Publication Date Technical report 1959 Oct 31 • 1958 GHALIOUNGI, P., GHARRIB, A., ABDEL WAHAB, M. F., EL SHAWARBY, K., EL DEEN, SALAH, M. and Aziz, K. "A survey of goiter in the Kharga Oases and in the Asyut area". Bull. Inst. Desert, vol. 8, no. 2, 1958. • 1955 GHALIOUNGI, P., SHAWARBY, K., EL SADR, M. M., BARAKAT, M. Z., HANNA, S., NAGATI, H. F. and RIFAAT, A. "Final Report of the Abbassia Faculty of Medicine Studies at the Dakhla Oasis" 1955. Unpublished. • 1949 Ghalioungui, Paul. "Sur deux formes d'obésité représentées dans l'Égypte ancienne". ASAE 49 (1949): 303–316. == Legacy ==

His books and manuscripts has been dedicated after his death by his family to Ain Shams University Hospital Library, which was named after him as the Paul Ghalioungui Memorial Library. == See also ==