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Gunnar Sønsteby

Gunnar Fridtjof Thurmann Sønsteby DSO was a member of the Norwegian resistance movement during the German occupation of Norway in World War II. Known by the nickname "Kjakan" and as "Agent No. 24", he was the most highly decorated citizen in Norway, including being the only person to have been awarded the War Cross with three swords, Norway's highest military decoration.

Early life and education
Born in Rjukan, in Telemark, he was the son of Margit and Gustav Sønsteby. As a boy he enjoyed walking in the mountains around Rjukan with his school friends, many of whom later became members of the Resistance alongside him. He attended what is now Rjukan videregående skole, earning an examen artium. Among the members of his graduating class in 1937 were later Resistance fighters such as Knut Haugland, Halvor Rivrud, Olav Skogen, Leif Nilsen, Rolf Solem, Turjus Aarnes, Knut Berge, and Einar Nordgaard. After graduating from gymnasium, he moved to Oslo, where he studied at Otto Treiders Business School. The next year he began studying social economy at the University of Oslo. While in Oslo he also carried out his obligatory military service and worked in a series of jobs. ==Second World War==
Second World War
Early resistance activities Sønsteby was working as an accountant when the Germans occupied Norway in 1940. Norway's regular armed forces surrendered on 10 June 1940, after two months of fighting, and the country was subsequently occupied by the Germans. He quickly joined the Norwegian Resistance forces in Østlandet. He fought in Philip Hansteen's ski company. He was also involved in the underground press. After D-Day, Sønsteby concentrated largely on bombing Norwegian railways, thereby keeping German reinforcements from being moved back to the front line. His team also sank the German transport ship Donau outside Drøbak in 1945. Disguise and hiding Operating in occupied territory, and being high on the Gestapo list of wanted men, Sønsteby became a master of disguise. He operated under 30 to 40 different names and identities, and the Germans did not acquire his real name until near the end of the war. They were never able to catch him. His obituary in Aftenposten attributed his ability to elude capture to "resourcefulness, luck, intuition", and "such an entirely ordinary appearance that he was hardly noticed when he rode his bicycle through Oslo's streets." Sønsteby's father was arrested by the Gestapo and held until December 1944. Assassinations of informants When Sønsteby was 80 years old, he said "Of course wrong decisions were made, also by the Resistance Movement. But one must remember that war was going on. It did happen that we had to kill without being sure that the person concerned was an informant. But the decisions were correct—there and then." ==Post-war activities==
Post-war activities
The Nazis withdrew from Norway on 8 May, and on 13 May Sønsteby led the procession when Crown Prince Olav, the first member of the royal family to return from exile in London, arrived in Oslo. On 7 June, Sønsteby served as bodyguard for the Crown Prince and his family at the homecoming of the rest of the royal family, including King Haakon. Two days before Sønsteby's death, Norwegian Financial Minister Sigbjørn Johnsen unveiled a statue of him at Rjukan torg and stated, "Gunnar Sønsteby is a great hero who risked his life so that we could win our freedom and our democracy". Sønsteby died May 10, 2012, at the age of 94 after a long illness. Sønsteby had three daughters with his wife, Anne-Karin. He was survived by his wife and daughters at the time of his passing in 2012. At his funeral, two of his grandchildren, Jonas and Magnus, spoke about their memories of him. == Honours and awards ==
Honours and awards
Captain (Kaptein) Sønsteby is the only person awarded the War Cross with Three Swords (more properly known as "War Cross with sword and two swords"). All three awards were made in 1946. His additional recognitions include the following: • In 1945, Sønsteby was awarded the British Distinguished Service Order and the U.S. Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm. • In 2001 he was awarded the American-Scandinavian Foundation's culture award. • Poland awarded him the Medal Pro Memoria in 2007. • On his 90th birthday on 2008, he was honoured with a reception at Akershus Fortress attended by King Harald V of Norway and the other members of the Royal Family. It is permanently exhibited in Sønsteby's last office at Akershus Fortress. ==After death==
After death
A state funeral for Sønsteby was held on 25 May 2012 in Oslo Domkirke. Twenty-four soldiers from Hans Majestet Kongens Garde provided an honour guard, while the service was attended by the King of Norway, the Prime Minister of Norway, current and seven past Ministers of Defence, and the Chief of Defence. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was represented by a wreath. Several embassies to Norway were represented, including the United States Ambassador to Norway Barry B. White. The pallbearers were six officers, a break from the norm of using soldiers drafted from the King's Guard, and as they carried the coffin from the church, four Air Force F-16s performed a missing man flypast. A book of condolences at Armed Forces Museum in Oslo, was opened to the public on 11 May 2012. == Memorial fund ==
Memorial fund
The establishment of a Gunnar Sønsteby Memorial Fund was discussed a half year before his death. The Fund was created with donations from Erling Lorentzen, Hans Hermann Horn, and the Inge Steensland Foundation. The Fund presents an annual memorial prize, the Gunnar Sønsteby Prize, consisting of a sum of money and a miniature of Per Ung's statue of Sønstebye in Studenterlunden. The prize was first awarded on 5 January 2012. The winners have included Per Edgar Kokkvold and Kristin Solberg (2015), Deeyah Khan and Trond Bakkevig (2016), and ten Norwegian veterans (2017). == In popular culture ==
In popular culture
Sønsteby's service during the Second World War is depicted in the film Number 24 which premiered in Norway in October 2024 and began streaming on Netflix in January 2025. ==References==
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