, Oxford (2025). Apianus was born as Peter Bienewitz (or
Bennewitz) in
Leisnig in
Saxony; his father, Martin, was a
shoemaker. The family was relatively well off, belonging to the middle-class citizenry of Leisnig. Apianus was educated at the
Latin school in
Rochlitz. From 1516–1519 he studied at the
University of Leipzig; during this time, he Latinized his name to
Apianus (lat.
apis means "bee"; "Biene" is the German word for bee). In 1519, Apianus moved to
Vienna and continued his studies at the
University of Vienna, which was considered one of the leading universities in geography and mathematics at the time and where
Georg Tannstetter taught. When the
plague broke out in
Vienna in 1521, he completed his studies with a
B.A. and moved to
Regensburg and then to
Landshut. At Landshut, he produced his
Cosmographicus Liber (1524), a highly respected work on
astronomy and
navigation which was to see more than 40 reprints in four languages (Latin; French, 1544; Dutch, 1545; Spanish, 1548) and that remained popular until the end of the 16th century. Later editions were produced by
Gemma Frisius. In 1527, Peter Apianus was called to the
University of Ingolstadt as a mathematician and printer. His print shop started small. Among the first books he printed were the writings of
Johann Eck,
Martin Luther's antagonist. This print shop was active between 1543 and 1540 and became well known for its high-quality editions of geographic and cartographic works. It is thought that he used
stereotype printing techniques on woodblocks. The printer's logo included the motto
Industria superat vires in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin around the figure of a boy. for
lunar eclipses from
Astronomicum Caesareum (1540) Through his work, Apianus became a favourite of
emperor Charles V, who had praised
Cosmographicus liber at the
Imperial Diet of 1530 and granted him a printing monopoly in 1532 and 1534. In 1535, the emperor made Apianus an
armiger, i.e. granted him the right to display a
coat of arms. In 1540, Apianus printed the
Astronomicum Caesareum, dedicated to Charles V. Charles promised him a truly royal sum (3,000 golden
guilders), appointed him his court mathematician, and made him a
Reichsritter (a free imperial knight) and in 1544 even an
Imperial Count Palatine. All this furthered Apianus's reputation as an eminent scientist.
Astronomicum Caesareum is noted for its visual appeal. Printed and bound decoratively, with about 100 known copies, it included several
Volvelles that allowed users to calculate dates, the positions of constellations and so on. Apianus noted that it took a month to produce some of the plates. Thirty-five octagonal paper cut instruments were included with woodcuts that are thought to have been made by Hans Brosamer () who may have trained under Lucas Cranach, Sr. in Wittemberg. It also incorporated star and constellation names from the work of the Arab astronomer
Azophi (
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi Apianus is also remembered for publishing the only known depiction of the
Bedouin constellations in 1533. On this map
Ursa Minor is an old woman and three maidens,
Draco is four camels, and
Cepheus was illustrated as a shepherd with sheep and a dog. ,
Saxony. Despite many calls from other universities, including
Leipzig,
Padua,
Tübingen, and
Vienna, Apianus remained in
Ingolstadt until his death. He neglected his teaching duties. Apianus's work included in mathematics – in 1527 he published a variation of
Pascal's triangle, and in 1534 a table of
sines – as well as astronomy. In 1531, he observed
Halley's Comet and noted that a
comet's tail always point away from the sun.
Girolamo Fracastoro also detected this in 1531, but Apianus's publication was the first to also include graphics. He designed
sundials, published manuals for astronomical instruments and crafted volvelles ("Apian wheels"), measuring instruments useful for calculating time and distance for astronomical and astrological applications. Apianus married Katharina Mosner, the daughter of a councilman of Landshut, in 1526. They had fourteen children together – five girls and nine sons. One of their children was
Philipp Apian (1531–1589), who preserved the legacy of his father, in addition to his own research. == Works ==