Peter (enslaved man)

{{gallery | title =''Harper's Weekly'', 1863 | mode = packed ==Background==

produced 1863 for the Army of the Gulf: John Lyons' plantation was on the west bank of the Atchafalaya River; Baton Rouge and Port Hudson are to the east along the Mississippi River. (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, item 77-CWMF-M99) On January 29, 1863, Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks issued his General Order 12, which affirmed that the Emancipation Proclamation applied in Louisiana, except in 12 parishes that had been specifically exempted. However, for the time being at least, the U.S. Army did not intend to interfere with specific plantations. and in some cases thousands-strong columns of freed slaves followed U.S. Army troop movements through the South. Contrabands were ultimately recruited in large numbers to the U.S. Colored Troops. USCT units constituted approximately 10 percent of the Union Army manpower by war's end. ==Peter==

Peter departed for freedom on March 24, 1863, at midnight. The Lyons plantation was located along the west bank of the Atchafalaya River, between present-day Melville and Krotz Springs, Louisiana. As it happens, this was not far from the Red River district of Louisiana, which was the setting of both Tom's final dwelling place in the fictional ''Uncle Tom's Cabin, and the site of the Eppes plantation described by Solomon Northup in Twelve Years a Slave''. A newspaper writer of the 1850s commented on the tortures described by Northrup: "the nearest plantation was distant ... a half-mile, and of course there could be no interference on the part of neighbours in any punishment, however cruel, or however well disposed to interfere they might be." , St. Landry Parish, 1860 slave schedule; Peter (or "Gordon") is likely one of the 38 slaves enumerated as property of Lyons In this transcript Peter mentions "salt brine, which Overseer put in my back". Other substances, including turpentine, hot-pepper juice, and dripping candle wax, were also used. An interview with a man named Andrew Boone for the WPA's Slave Narratives project in the 1930 matter-of-factly described the practice: "By dis time de blood sometimes would be runnin' down dere heels. Den de next thing was a wash in salt water strong enough to hold up an egg. Slaves wus punished dat way fer runnin' away an' sich." Under the imprint "McPherson & Oliver, Baton Rouge", Louisiana photographers William D. McPherson and J. Oliver produced the original photos of Peter showing his back. There are three variations of the "scourged back" picture, showing minor adjustments, which indicates that the photographers or their patrons were aware of the impact of the image and "revised" the pose to improve it. Samuel Knapp Towle, Surgeon, 30th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, wrote in a letter about meeting Gordon. He had expected him to be vicious due to the whip scars on his back. Instead, he said "he seems INTELLIGENT and WELL-BEHAVED" [Towle's emphasis]. Other physicians, like J. W. Mercer, Asst. Surgeon 47th Massachusetts Volunteers as well as a surgeon of the First Louisiana regiment (colored), said in 1863 that they had seen many backs like this, ==Gordon==

"Gordon" (''Harper's Weekly'') created the "A Typical Negro" triptych ("Gordon as he entered our lines" – "Gordon under medical inspection" – "Gordon in his uniform as a U.S. soldier") from what are now believed to be images of three different people. The unbylined "A Typical Negro" article in Harper's Weekly was composed of three parts: three wood-cut engravings, a three-paragraph biography of "Gordon", and a nine-paragraph excerpt from a front-page New York Times article published on June 14, 1863. Harper's Weekly created the "A Typical Negro" triptych ("Gordon as he entered our lines" – "Gordon under medical inspection" – "Gordon in his uniform as a U.S. soldier") out of what are now believed to be images of three separate individuals. The image of Gordon has been described as "confident and strong", and therefore somewhat at odds with the written narrative provided by Harper's'': "in spite of his poor dress, and contrary to almost every other photograph in the genre, Gordon displays a sense of self-possession and self-awareness that is difficult to ignore. Directly facing the camera, [he adopts] a dignified seated pose popular in middle-class studio portraiture." Gordon's "poor dress" was likely because "Many slaves, especially the agricultural workers who made up most of the enslaved population, only owned one or two suits of clothing at any one time, so they did not arrive at the Union encampments with great satchels full of luggage but, rather, 'almost wholly destitute of clothing'." It was common for former slaves to arrive at contraband refugee camps wearing Negro-cloth garments that were already in "tatters"; finding adequate replacements was one of the responsibilities of quartermasters and camp administrators. According to the Bostonian, he brought the photos of both Peter and Gordon from Louisiana to New York in June 1863; he describes Gordon as the "sable youth clad in variegated and torn garments" and recounts that Gordon, Peter, John (who was killed en route), and a fourth unnamed man traveled together, moving only at night, rubbed "onions and strong-scented weeds" on themselves after fording watercourses, "twice swimming the turbid waters of the Amite River in their wanderings." ==McPherson & Oliver==

According to one study of images of African-Americans during the American Civil War, The third illustration in the ''Harper's Weekly article was captioned "Gordon in his uniform as a U.S. soldier". There are no known copies of a photograph on which the illustration might have been based. According to Harper's Weekly'', Gordon joined the Union Army as a guide three months after the Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enrollment of freed slaves into the military forces. On one expedition, he was taken prisoner by the Confederates; they tied him up, beat him, and left him for dead. He survived and once more escaped to Union lines. The siege was the first time that African-American soldiers played a leading role in an assault during the American Civil War. There were five regiments known as the Corps D'Afrique Engineers, recruited by Gen. Daniel Ullman, that participated in the Port Hudson campaign, primarily digging trenches and contributing to the force strength of the 20,000 Union troops facing the 12,000 Confederates. ==Timeline==

, 1863; Peter lived in approximately the upper left corner of the map, near Bayou Beouf and Bayou Cocodrie; the raiders that killed Lyons reportedly rode from Morganzia; Port Hudson is almost directly east of the vicinity of the Lyons plantation; the Amite River (which drains from Lake Maurepas) and Baton Rouge both lie on the east side of the Mississippi River • Late October 1862 – Peter whipped by overseer "Artayon Carrier" • Christmas 1862 – Begins to "recover senses", told that he had attempted to "shoot everybody" • – Emancipation Proclamation in effect in St. Landry Parish • – General Order 12: Promulgation of the Emancipation Proclamation • – Peter departs for Baton Rouge • – Peter makes statement at Provost-Marshal's office in Baton Rouge • April or May 1863 – Peter photographed by McPherson & Oliver • – Siege of Vicksburg begins • – Siege of Port Hudson begins • June 1863 – "Bostonian" takes copies of McPherson & Oliver's of Peter and Gordon to New York • – Etchings of Peter, Gordon and a third individual appear as illustrations of "A Typical Negro" article in ''Harper's Weekly'' • – Peter's former owner John Lyons is killed at his plantation by pro-Union raiders ==Influence==

illustration for this edition of Fanny Anne Kemble's 1863 memoir of living on a Sea Islands cotton plantation in 1838. Theodore Tilton, editor of The Independent in New York stated in 1863: Five or six months after the scourging ... the frightful laceration was partially healed, and only scars remained. But what must the whipping have been to leave such scars! The back looks like a plate of iron, eaten by acids and corroded by rust; or like a walnut-table honey-combed by worms r;... Bits as big as the hand seem to have been cut out of the flesh. No wonder that, at this distance of time, the man looks thin and ghastly, though he was a strong man, and must be a man of fine physique and presence. This card-photograph should be multiplied by the hundred thousand, and scattered over the states. It tells the story in a way that even Mrs. Stowe cannot approach; because it tells the story to the eye. If seeing is believing—and it is in the immense majority of cases—seeing this card would be equivalent to believing things of the slave states which Northern men and women would move heaven and earth to abolish. In 2015, Frank Goodyear, a former curator of photographs at the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery said, "Photography mediates our understanding of the world ... many Americans had never seen what a beating literally looked like." The Atlantic editor-in-chief James Bennet in 2011 noted, "Part of the incredible power of this image I think is the dignity of that man. He's posing. His expression is almost indifferent. I just find that remarkable. He's basically saying, 'This is a fact. On September 15, 2025, The Washington Post reported that the Trump administration has ordered the removal of the "scourged back" photo from Fort Pulaski National Monument along with other signs and exhibits related to slavery at multiple national park sites. ==In popular culture==

• In the 2012 film Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son Tad views a glass plate of Gordon's medical examination photo by candlelight. • American artist Arthur Jafa recreated the iconic image of Gordon as a sculpture titled Ex-Slave Gordon (2017). The work is made of vacuum-formed plastic and depicts Gordon's back from the waist up. • Emancipation, a 2022 film based on Peter and Gordon's escape, starring Will Smith and directed by Antoine Fuqua, went into production in 2021, and was made available for streaming on December 9, 2022 on Apple TV+. ==See also==