Sociable weaver

The sociable weaver was first described by ornithologist John Latham in 1790. Alternative names include the common social weaver, common social-weaver, and social weaver. Formerly, four subspecies were recognised, but the species is now considered monotypic. The sociable weaver is the only extant species in the genus Philetairus. Phylogeny Based on a 2017 DNA-analysis, P. socius belongs to the group of sparrow weavers (subfamily Plocepasserinae) and is most related to the genus Pseudonigrita. These two genera are the sister group of the genus Plocepasser. The most basic genus of the subfamily is Sporopipes. Provided that genera are correct clades, the following tree expresses current insights. }} == Description ==

Measuring around in length, the sociable weaver has a black chin, black, barred flanks, and a scalloped back. It typically weighs , and sexes are indistinguishable. == Distribution and habitat ==

The species ranges across northwestern South Africa and southwest Botswana, and extending northwards across Namibia. It is strongly associated with the arid savannas characteristic of the southern Kalahari region. The presence of stiff grasses such as Stipagrostis ciliata (syn. Aristida ciliata) – an important nesting material – is an important determinant of its distribution. The taller grasses and the fire-prone nature of the Northern and Central Kalahari regions may be a factor for the absence of the bird in those regions. The area is semiarid with low and unpredictable rainfall occurring mostly in the summer. The population has not been quantified, but the birds are described as "common to abundant". == Behaviour and ecology ==

Breeding In the southern range of the weaver's habitat, breeding may occur any time of the year and is closely linked to rainfall. In the northern range, a discrete breeding season between December and August has been noted. containing several generations at a time. The nests are highly structured and provide birds with a more advantageous temperature relative to the outside. The central chambers retain heat and are used for nighttime roosting. The outer rooms are used for daytime shade, inside temperatures in occupied chambers have been found to vary over a range of only 7–8 °C (12.6–14.4 °F) while outside temperatures varied from 16-33.5 °C (60.8-92.3 °F). The nests consist of separate chambers, each of which is occupied by a pair (sometimes with offspring) and used to roost and breed. Nests are built around large and sturdy structures such as acacia trees or sometimes even telephone poles. The trees generally used for nest-building are Acacia erioloba, Boscia albitrunca, and Aloidendron dichotomum. The birds at Etosha National Park also use Colophospermum mopane trees for nesting. The nest appears like a large haystack in the tree. If seen from below, entrances into the chambers may be seen, giving a honeycomb appearance. The entrances may be about wide and can be up to long. Reptile species also use the nests. Snakes, especially Cape cobras and boomslangs, are the most common nest predators, often consuming all the eggs in all the chambers of a large nest. Additionally, these skinks have learned to eavesdrop on sociable weaver alarm calls to determine when a pygmy falcon, one of its main predators, is approaching. Nests built in electricity poles sometimes cause short circuits in the rainy season and can catch fire in the dry season. Some evidence indicates that cooperation in nest-building is driven by kin selection. The bird droppings under the nesting colonies of the sociable weaver are used by scarab beetles. Diet The sociable weaver is insectivorous, with insects comprising 80% of their diet. As an adaptation to living in the dry Kalahari Desert, where standing water is scarce, the sociable weaver obtains all of its water from its diet. It also feeds on seeds and other plant products. Foraging is predominantly on the ground, but also on bark and leaves of trees. == Status ==

Populations of the sociable weavers increased during the 2010s, perhaps due to increased availability of nesting structures such as electricity pylons and other man-made structures. Most of its present distribution is unlikely to see any major man-made alteration and its future in these areas is secure. A gap seen in its distribution in the Northern Cape Province, north of the Ghaap Plateau is probably due to habitat alteration by clearance of Acacia. In other areas, encroachment due to overgrazing may also cause local extinction. ==Gallery==

Sociable Weaver, Etosha National Park, Namibia (3926578891).jpg|Adult arriving with nesting material Nido de tejedores republicanos (Philetairus socius), Sossusvlei, Namibia, 2018-08-06, DD 170.jpg|Chamber entrances seen from below Social weaver nest 1.jpg|A nest on an electricity pole == References ==