Phoenician metal bowls

Nimrud bowls in 1853. This is one of 16 metal bowls from Nimrud with a Phoenician inscription (see letters on top sketch of the side profile). Currently in the British Museum as item N.19; its inscription was later published as CIS II 1.49. The first bowls of this type published widely were discovered in Nimrud in 1849 by Austen Henry Layard, a number of which contained short inscriptions in the Phoenician alphabet. Layard described them as follows, identifying them as Phoenician with reference to the Biblical stories of Hiram I, who was described as a skilled bronzeworker, and the Sidonian silver mixing bowl described in book 23 of Homer's Iliad: Four of the bowls with inscriptions were published in the second volume of Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum: CIS II 1.46 (British Museum ID: N.619), CIS II 1.47 (N.50), CIS II 1.48 (N.14), CIS II 1.49 (N.19). Ten of the bowls were lost, and presumed to have been melted down for their metal. The two remaining were acquired by antiquities dealers, and later were – separately – given to the Louvre. Another Phoenician silver bowl from Cyprus was found in Amathus before 1877 by the archeologist Luigi Palma di Cesnola. Now in the British Museum, it is fragmentary but still displays evocative military scenes from antiquity. Layard claimed a connection between the Nimrud and Cyprus bowls in his books. Etruscan tombs as inscription CIS I 164. The original is in the National Etruscan Museum The first Phoenician bowls uncovered in modern times were found in 1836 at the Regolini-Galassi tomb in the Banditaccia Necropolis of Cerveteri, about 50 km north of Rome, and were published by Luigi Grifi in 1841. However, these were not widely known at the time of Layard's 1849 discoveries in Nimrud, and the specific connection to the Phoenician bowls was only made in 1876 following the discovery of the Bernardini Tomb. In 1855 and 1876, two ancient tombs were uncovered in Palestrina (ancient Praeneste), around 30 km east of Rome – the Barberini Tomb and the Bernardini Tomb. Following the Bernardini tomb discovery, archaeologist Wolfgang Helbig published a letter he had written to Sardinian antiquarian and politician Giovanni Spano, who had himself published the Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription about 15 years previously. The letter was entitled Notes on Phoenician Art, and included a detailed survey of all the Phoenician metal bowls that had been found to date. Today many of the bowls from Etruscan tombs are at the Museo Gregoriano Etrusco in the Vatican. == Gallery ==

File:Bowl LACMA M.76.97.381.jpg|Los Angeles County Museum of Art File:Phoenician Bronze Bowl, 7th Century BC (10451644823).jpg|Michael C. Carlos Museum, Atlanta File:Fenici, piatto in argento dorato, rinvenuto a preneste, VII secolo ac.jpg|Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (ID: B 1943/9.1) File:Artigiani fenici, patera in argento e oro con giornata di caccia del re, 675-650 ac ca., da tomba bernardini nella necr. della colombella a palestrina.jpg|National Etruscan Museum, from the Tomba Bernardini (see original sketch from 1876 here) File:Patera con decorazione egittizzante, produz. fenicia, in oro, dalla tomba barberini a palestrina, 700-650 ac ca. (museo villa giulia).jpg|National Etruscan Museum from the Tomba Barberini (see 1925 photo here) File:Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum II metal bowls (cropped).jpg|Bowls in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum II; the bottom of the page shows the sides of inscribed Nimrud bowls File:Phoenician metal bowls from the Regolini-Galassi tomb - plate V (cropped).jpg|From the Regolini-Galassi tomb File:Phoenician metal bowls from the Regolini-Galassi tomb - plate X (left).jpg|From the Regolini-Galassi tomb File:Phoenician metal bowls from the Regolini-Galassi tomb - plate X (right).jpg|From the Regolini-Galassi tomb File:British Museum - Room 57 (21000861408).jpg|Two Phoenician bronze bowls from Nimrud on display in the British Museum File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 63.jpg|From Nimrud (see original at the British Museum: BM 115505) File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 60.jpg|From Nimrud (see original at the British Museum: BM N.29) File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 66.jpg|From Nimrud (see original at the British Museum: BM 115503) File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 67.jpg|From Nimrud (see original at the British Museum: BM N.10) File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 65.jpg|From Nimrud File:Layard Nimrud Phoenician metal bowl - Plate 64.jpg|From Nimrud File:Amathus Bowl full page.png|Illustration of the Amathus silver bowl in the British Museum File:Amathus Bowl closeup.png|Detail of the Amathus Bowl File:Fragmentary silver bowl MET GR223.jpg|From the Cesnola collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Silver-gilt bowl MET GR285 74.51.4553.jpg |From the Cesnola collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Silver-gilt bowl MET gr74.51.4554.R.jpg |From the Cesnola collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Bronze bowl MET DP-432-001.jpg |From the Cesnola collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2022 17.jpg|Display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Coupe chypro-Phénicienne, AO 4702 (153).jpg|Display at the Louvre (AO 4702), from Sparta. Described as "Phoenician bowl: This bowl may be compared to the Phoenician silver bowls" == Notes ==