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Pickering series

The Pickering series (also known as the Pickering–Fowler series) consists of three lines of singly ionised helium found, usually in absorption, in the spectra of hot stars like Wolf–Rayet stars. The name comes from Edward Charles Pickering and Alfred Fowler. The lines are produced by transitions from a higher energy level of an electron to a level with principal quantum number n = 4. The lines have wavelengths:10124 Å (n = 5 to n = 4) (infrared) 6560 Å (n = 6 to n = 4)   5412 Å (n = 7 to n = 4)   4859 Å (n = 8 to n = 4)   4541 Å (n = 9 to n = 4)   4339 Å (n = 10 to n = 4)   3645.56 Å (n = ∞ to n = 4, theoretical limit, ultraviolet)

Wavelength formula
The energy differences between levels in the Bohr model, and hence the wavelengths of emitted or absorbed photons, is given by the Rydberg formula: \frac{1}{\lambda} = Z^2 R_M \left( \frac{1}{{n_1}^2} - \frac{1}{{n_2}^2} \right) where For helium, Z=2, the Pickering-Fowler series is for n_1=4 and the reduced mass for {}_2^4\text{He}^{+} is \mu=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{m_e}+\frac{1}{2m_p+2m_n}} thus \frac{\mu}{m_e}=\frac{1}{1+\frac{m_e}{2m_p+2m_n}}\approx 0.99986396 , which is usually approximated as 1 (in fact, although this number changes for each isotope of helium, it is approximately constant). A more accurate description may be used with the Bohr–Sommerfeld model of the atom. The theoretical limit for the wavelength in the Pickering-Fowler is given by: \lambda_\infty^\text{PF} = \frac{4}{R_\infty}, which is approximatedly 364.556 nm, which is the same limit as in the Balmer series (hydrogen spectral series for n_2=2). Notice how the transitions in the Pickering-Fowler series for n=6,8,10 (6560Å ,4859Å and 4339Å respectively), are nearly identical to the transitions in the Balmer series for n=3,4,5 (6563Å ,4861Å and 4340Å respectively). The fact that the Pickering-Fowler series has entries inbetween those values, led scientist to believe it was due to hydrogen with half transitions ("half-hydrogen"). However, Niels Bohr showed, using his model, it was due to the singly ionised helium {}_2\text{He}^{+}, a hydrogen-like atom. This also shows the predictability of Bohr model. ==References==
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