Pisorisporiaceae

A freshwater and terrestrial based fungal genus Achroceratosphaeria was initially placed in Sordariomycetes incertae sedis (Réblová et al. 2010). The order was then reported to have a stem age which falls between 250–300 MYA (million years ago), thereby placing it at a subclass level (Hyde et al. 2017a, ==Subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae ==

General description; Saprobic on submerged wood or driftwood. Sexual morph: Ascomata astromatic, perithecial, solitary or aggregated in small groups, immersed, semi-immersed to superficial and ostiolate. The ostiole is periphysate. The peridium (the outer wall of a sporangium) is 2-layered, leathery to fragile and partly carbonaceous. The paraphyses are abundant, hyaline (transparent or glass-like), persistent. The asci are 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate, persistent, with a J+ or J−, apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, multi-septate, often guttulate, lacking any mucilaginous sheath or appendages. The asexual morph was undetermined (as of March 2021). ==Description==

Members of the Pisorisporiaceae family generally have: Ascomata (the asci-bearing fruiting body) is non-stromatic, immersed to superficial, papillate (has a small, elongated protuberance on the surface) or with a long neck. The venter is subglobose to conical, upright or lying obliquely or horizontally and the neck is central and rarely eccentric. The ostiole is periphysate (having short, thread-like filaments that line the opening). The ascomatal wall is leathery to fragile, partly carbonaceous in the outer layers and pigmented dark brown, opaque to light brown to subhyaline (almost glass-like). It is composed of two layers. The paraphyses (sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a hymenium) are abundant, persistent and cylindrical in shape. The asci are unitunicate (lidded), inside are 8 spores, with a pronounced amyloid or non-amyloid apical annulus, which is cylindrical-clavate (club-shaped) and persistently attached to the ascogenous hyphae at maturity. The Ascospores are fusiform (spindle-shaped), cylindrical or cymbiform (boat-shaped) and slightly taper towards the ends. They are hyaline, transversely multiseptate (having more than one septum), lacking a mucilaginous sheath or appendages, often with numerous guttules. The Asexual morph is unknown (as of 2015). ==Genera==

It contains the family Pisorisporiaceae and 2 genera; • Achroceratosphaeria incolorata • Pisorisporium cymbiforme • Pisorisporium glaucum ==Distribution==

It has a cosmopolitan distribution across the globe. They have been found in South America, Europe (including France and Belgium, China, and Thailand, as well as parts of North America, Europe and Africa. Also Pisorisporium cymbiforme and Achroceratosphaeria potamia has both been found on decayed woody twigs and branches submerged in freshwater streams in forests in Yunnan Province, China, as well as Satun and Songkhla provinces in Thailand. == References ==