Person In Schiller's thought, the sense and the form drive arise out of a human being's existence as a "
person", which endures, and their "condition", the determining attributes that change. He describes the person as unchangeable and eternal and endures change. "We pass from rest to activity, from passion to indifference, from agreement to contradiction; but we remain, and what proceeds directly from us remains too". This personhood is grounded in itself, and not in the contradictory state of condition. Schiller argues that because humans are finite, condition and person have to be separate, and cannot be grounded in each other. If they were, either change would persist or the person would change. "And so we would, in the first place, have the idea of absolute being grounded upon itself, that is to say freedom". Therefore, a person is grounded in itself, and this grounding is responsible for human's idea of freedom. Freedom, defined as an absolute being grounded in itself.
Condition While the person can be grounded in itself, Schiller's concept of condition cannot. It is already established that condition cannot be grounded in person, and must therefore proceed from something else. This "proceeding" grounds the condition in contingency, which is humanity's experience of
time. "For man is not just a person situated in a particular condition. Every condition, however, every determinate existence, has its origins in time; and so man, as a phenomenal being, must also have a beginning, although the pure intelligence within him is eternal". The perfect human being, according to Schiller, would be a constant unity amongst constant change. These seemingly contradictory forces of freedom through person and time through condition, manifest themselves in humans as the form and the sense drive. These drives, and consequently humanity's experience of freedom and time, are mediated by the play drive.
Sense and Form Drives Sense Drive The sense drive, in Schiller's thought, is a function of man's condition. It comes from the human being's
physical existence, and the whole of their phenomenal existence stems from it. In their
sensuous existence, human beings are set within the limits of time, within his condition, and becomes matter. "By matter in this context we understand nothing more than change, or reality that occupies time. Consequently this drive demands that there shall be change, that time shall have content". Therefore, sensation of the sensuous drive is time occupied by content.
Form Drive The form drive, in Schiller's view, is a function of the person grounded in itself. This drive is humanity's
rational nature, their "absolute existence", and its goal is to give them freedom, so they can bring harmony to the variety of things in the world. Because the form drive insists on the absolute, "It wants the real to be necessary and eternal, and the eternal and necessary to be real. In other words, it insist on truth and on the right". The sense drive and the form drive are in competition, and overpower one another in the person.
In competition If the sense drive overcomes the form drive, according to Schiller, it reduces human beings to
matter, but leaves them without the ability to bring this matter into unity. "As long as he merely feels, merely desires and acts upon desire, he is as yet nothing but world, if by this term we understand nothing but the formless content of time" (117). In order to not be just "world", people must exercise their form drive upon matter, and "give reality the predisposition he carries within him". meaning that because it is a drive toward the absolute, all limitations disappear, and instead of seeing the world finitely, as he does through the sensuous drive, "man has raised himself to a unity of ideas embracing the whole realm of phenomena". To suppress this faculty would not achieve the
perfection of the form drive, rather the opposite. The perfection of the form drive is accomplished in its ability to oppose the sense drive through its endurance to change. "The more power and depth the personality achieves, and the more freedom reason attains, so much more world does man comprehend, and all the more form does he create outside of himself". This "conjoining" of the two faculties, are actually a
mediation by the third fundamental drive, the play drive.
Play Drive The play drive mediates the demands of the sense and the form drive. "The sense drive demands that there shall be change and that time shall have a content; the form drive demands that time shall be annulled and that there shall be no change. That drive, therefore, in which both others work in concert is the play drive, reconciling becoming with absolute being and change with identity". For the play drive to successfully mediate the two drives, human beings must learn
passivity, to exercise their sense drive and become receptive of the world. They must also learn activity, to free their reason, as much as possible from the receptive. Accomplishing both, human beings are able to have a twofold experience simultaneously, "in which he were to be at once conscious of his freedom and sensible of his existence, were at one and the same time, to feel himself matter and come to know himself as mind". Therefore, by maximizing the constraint of the absolute and the contingency of the
material, the play drive negates the demands of both drives and sets people free both physically and
morally. To exist in this paradoxical state, would mean to have a "complete intuition of his human nature". This experience of the living form, as a mediation of life and form by the play drive, is what Schiller calls the experience of beauty. "Beauty results from the reciprocal action of two opposed drives and from the uniting of two opposed principles. The highest ideal of beauty, therefore, to be sought in the most perfect possible union and equilibrium of reality and form". Therefore, in contemplation of the beautiful, people are exercising the play drive, and are fully human. ==References==