Pontederia azurea

The anchored water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic perennial plant. It is known by various common names such as, water orchid, and floating water hyacinth. The water hyacinth could be identified by its distinct thick, waxy green leaves that has a rounded or elliptical shape. It is able to grow under water and above water due to its long stem that is able to produce up to 5 flowers on a single stem. == Distribution ==

The Anchored Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea) is native to Central and South America, inhabiting warm bodies of water. In 1884, the species was introduced to New Orleans from South America. The species has expanded to Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Vermont. In 1884, the anchored water hyacinth was introduced from South America to the United States as an ornamental. The species is able to grow rapidly once introduced and rapidly forms expansive mats of the water hyacinths. Hyacinths are known to double its population size in just two weeks and can reproduce through their seeds and horizontal stems. When they wither, their stems bend and they are able to release their seeds into the soil below. Fragmenting a piece of the plant allows for the plant to be transported and planted elsewhere. == Invasive Species ==

P. azurea poses a threat as a noxious weed. As an invasive species, the P. azurea is able to accumulate on the surface of water that smothers native species while also lowering light penetration and dissolved oxygen levels. The anchored water hyacinths also contributes to water loss through transpiration and also negatively affects recreational activities as it clogs waterways. The clogging of water ways prevents swimming, boating and fishing. == Control ==

Pontederia azurea is similar to Pontederia crassipes; the most obvious difference is that P. crassipes is a free floating plant. Both are considered invasive weeds, but P. crassipes is the more widely known and studied as an invasive species; control methods for P. crassipes are generally suitable for P. azurea as well. Three types of controls are variously appropriate: biological, physical, and chemical. Biological and physical control require consistent management to have any consistent effect, and chemical control also demands competent management to yield significant benefit while avoiding environmental harm. Chemical Control Chemical control consists of herbicides and the one applied to water hyacinths are 2,4-D, Diquat and Glysophate which requires skilled operators. They have the disadvantage that leaving the dead plants on the water increases degree of anoxia and eutrophication. Physical Control Physical control is suited for large infestations only when large-scale mechanical aids are available for physically removing the weeds, but it is necessary in early stages of control of intense infestations that are already smothering large water surfaces, rendering the water anoxic. There are many ways of harvesting the weeds and composting them to die, but they all demand that the plant material be removed from the water to avoid eutrophication. === Biological Control === The last type of control, biological, is favored whenever practical. This control consists of the use of natural enemies, insects in particular. ==Further reading==