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Posek

In Jewish law, a posek is a legal scholar who determines the application of Halakha, the Jewish religious law derived from the written and Oral Torah, in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear halakhic precedent exists.

Orthodox Judaism
A posek has to be an individual that is particularly learned in a large area of law. They have to have shown ability to apply complex legal rulings to a variety of novel situations. They have to possess a very clear command of the Talmud, the Shulchan Aruch (code of Jewish law) and legal responsa with practical applications. This is a huge amount of material to have mastery over and will take years of dedicated study to achieve. This is generally more than the training of a rabbi or rav of a community. Poskim play an integral role in Orthodox Judaism. • Generally, in each generation there may be a handful of poskim who are considered a Posek HaDor ("posek of the present generation"). Their views have enormous impact across the world of Jewry. An example of an Ashkenazi Posek HaDor would be Rabbi Moshe Feinstein while a Sephardic example would be Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. • Many rely on the rav in their community (in Hasidic communities, sometimes the rebbe) for legal rulings. But the rav may defer to a posek or the leading posek in the country or world for a complex issue. Poskim will generally not overrule a specific law unless based on an earlier authority: a posek will generally extend a law to new situations but will not change the halakhah. == Conservative Judaism ==
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism approaches the idea of posek, and Halakha in general, somewhat differently: poskim here apply a relatively lower weighting to precedent, and will thus frequently reinterpret (or even change) a previous ruling through a formal argument. Although there are some poskim in the Conservative movement (e.g., Louis Ginzberg, David Golinkin, Joel Roth, and Elliot Dorff), the rulings of any one individual rabbi are considered less authoritative than a consensus ruling. Thus, the Conservative movement's Rabbinical Assembly maintains a Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, whose decisions are accepted as authoritative within the American Conservative movement. At the same time, every Conservative rabbi has the right of ''mara d'atra'' to interpret Jewish law for his, her, or their own community regardless of the responsa of the Law Committee. == Progressive Judaism ==
Progressive Judaism
Both Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard Halakha as binding. Although Reform stresses the individual autonomy of its membership, it never completely abandoned the field of responsa literature, if only to counter its rivals' demands. Even Classical Reformers such as Rabbi David Einhorn composed some. Rabbi Solomon Freehof, and his successor Rabbi Walter Jacob, attempted to create a concept of "Progressive Halacha", authoring numerous responsa based on a methodology laying great emphasis on current sensibilities and ethical ideals. Full text collections of Reform responsa are available on the website of the Central Conference of American Rabbis. The Reconstructionist position is that if Jews had formed cohesive communities again, their rulings would be binding, but presently Judaism is in a "post-Halakhic state". Therefore, their basic policy is to allow tradition "a vote, not a veto" in communal and personal affairs. == List of poskim and major works ==
List of poskim and major works
In chronological order, by the year of birth, and if needed, secondarily, by year of death and surname. Poskim of past years 1600–1900Yoel Sirkis (1561–1640), BachDavid HaLevi Segal (1586–1667), Turei ZahavSabbatai ha-Kohen (1621–1662), ShachAvraham Gombiner (1633–1683), Magen AvrahamTzvi Ashkenazi (1668–1718), Chacham TzviJacob Emden (1797–1776) • Yechezkel Landau (1713–1793), Noda BihudahVilna Gaon (1720–1797), GraShneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812), Shulchan Aruch HaRavAryeh Leib Heller (1745–1812), Ketzos HaChoshenAvraham Danzig (1748–1820), Chayei AdamYaakov Lorberbaum (1762–1830), Nesivos HaMishpatMoses Sofer (1762–1839), Chasam SoferMenachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866), Tzemach TzedekShlomo Ganzfried (1804–1886), Kitzur Shulchan AruchYitzchak Elchanan Spektor (1817–1896) • Yehoshua Leib Diskin (1818–1898), Maharil Diskin Orthodox Yechiel Michel Epstein (1829–1907), Aruch HaShulchanYoseph Chaim of Bagdad (1832–1909), Ben Ish Chai, Rav PealimYisrael Meir Kagan (1838–1933), Mishnah Berurah, Chafetz ChaimMoshe Greenwald (1853–1910), Arugath HaBosemChaim Ozer Grodzinski (1863–1940), AchiezerAbraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935) • Eliezer David Greenwald (1867–1928), ''Keren L'Dovid'' • Yaakov Chaim Sofer (1870–1939), Kaf HaChaimAvraham Duber Kahana Shapiro (1870–1943) • Yonasan Steif, (1877–1958) • Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz (1878–1953), Chazon IshYechiel Yaakov Weinberg (1878–1966), Seridei EishYosef Eliyahu Henkin (1881–1973) • Eliezer Silver (1882–1968) • Yehezkel Abramsky (1886–1976) • Yoel Teitelbaum (1887–1979), Vayoel Moshe, Divrei YoelAvraham Chaim Naeh (1890–1954) Ketzos HaShulchan, Shiurei Mikveh, Shiurei TorahZvi Yehuda Kook (1891–1982) • Yaakov Kamenetsky (1891–1986) • Aharon Kotler (1892–1962) • Moshe Feinstein (1895–1986), Igrot MosheYitzchok Yaakov Weiss (1902–1989), Minchas YitzchakYosef Greenwald (1903–1984), Vayaan YosefJoseph B. Soloveitchik (1903–1993) • Yitzchok Hutner (1906–1980) • Chanoch Dov Padwa (1908–2000), ''Cheishev Ho'Ephod'' • Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (1910–1995), Minchat ShlomoYosef Shalom Eliashiv (1910–2012) • Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg (1910–2012) • Pinhas Hirschprung (1912–1998) • Shmuel Wosner (1913–2015), Shevet HaLeviAharon Leib Shteinman (1913–2017) • Ephraim Oshry (1914–2003) • Avraham Shapira (1914–2007) • Eliezer Waldenberg (1917–2006), Tzitz EliezerShlomo Goren (1918–1994) • Chaim Kreiswirth (1918–2001) • Yaakov Yitzhak Neumann (1920–2007), ''Ogiro Be'Oholcho'' • Ovadia Yosef (1920–2013), Yabbia OmerBaruch Ben Haim (1921–2005) • Fishel Hershkowitz (1922–2017), Klausenburger dayan in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New YorkHayim David HaLevi (1924–1998), Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, author of the set of halakha Mekor HayimMenashe Klein (1924–2011), Ungvarer Rav; Mishneh HalachosGedalia Dov Schwartz (1925–2020), av beit din of Beth Din of America and the Chicago Rabbinical CouncilNissim Karelitz (1926–2019) • Nahum Rabinovitch (1928–2020), rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Birkat MosheChaim Kanievsky (1928–2022) • Mordechai Eliyahu (1929–2010) • Dovid Feinstein (1929–2020) • Ephraim Greenblatt (1932–2014), Rivivos EfraimZalman Nechemia Goldberg (1932–2020), av beit din, rosh yeshiva of Machon Lev, editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia TalmuditAharon Lichtenstein (1933–2015), rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har EtzionMeir Brandsdorfer (1934–2009), Kaneh BosemYechezkel Roth (1936–2021) Karlsburger Rav, author of Emek HaTeshuvahShimon Eider (1938–2007) • Yisroel Belsky (1938–2016) • Yehuda Henkin (1945–2020) • Haim Drukman (1932–2022) • Yitzchak Abadi (1933–2025) Conservative and Reform Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1873–1942) • Louis Ginzberg (1873–1953), The Responsa of Professor Louis GinzbergSolomon Freehof (1892–1990), Reform Jewish Practice and its Rabbinic BackgroundIsaac Klein (1905–1979), A Guide to Jewish Religious PracticeJacob Agus (1911–1986), Dialogue and Tradition Living poskim Shmuel Kamenetsky (1924– ), rosh yeshiva, Talmudical Yeshiva of PhiladelphiaDov Lior (1933– ) • Avigdor Nebenzahl (1935– ) • Yaakov Ariel (1937– ) • Zephaniah Drori (1937– ) • Zalman Baruch Melamed (1937– ) • Yisrael Ariel (1939– ) • Eliyahu Ben Haim (1940– ) • Ephraim Padwa (1940-) rabbi of Union of Orthodox Hebrew CongregationsHershel Schachter (1941– ), rosh yeshiva at RIETSShlomo Aviner (1943– ) • Mordechai Willig (1947– ), rosh yeshiva at RIETSYitzhak Yosef (1952– ), Chief Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel, author of the set Yalkut YosefYitzchak Berkovits (1953– ), rosh kollel The Jerusalem KollelOsher Weiss (1953– ), Minchas Osher • Yitzchak Breitowitz (1954– ), Rav, Kehilas Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem • Eliezer Melamed (1961– ) • Simcha Bunim Cohen (1957– ), prolific author and pulpit rabbi in Lakewood, New Jersey • Yisroel Dovid Harfenes author of Yisroel Vehazmanim, Mekadesh Yisroel and Nishmas ShabosPinchas Toledano, hakham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of the Netherlands • Shraga Feivel Zimmerman, av beis din of Kehillas Federation, London • Gavriel Zinner author of the Nitei Gavriel series on halakha == See also ==
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