Powelliphanta

Powelliphanta was originally described by A. C. O'Connor in 1945 as a subgenus of the kauri snails, Paryphanta. They were named "in recognition of the great service rendered to the study of the family by Mr A. W. B. Powell", and from their similarity to Paryphanta. There are at least 21 species and 51 subspecies within the genus. The relationship between the species is complex, and it has been suggested that the group Powelliphanta gilliesi-traversi-hochstetteri-rossiana-lignaria-superba forms a ring species. ==Distribution==

Powelliphanta are endemic to New Zealand, ranging in the North Island from Lake Waikaremoana to the Kāpiti Coast, and in the South Island from the Marlborough Sounds to Fiordland and Southland. Their greatest diversity is in the mountains of northwest Nelson and north Westland. Some species have an extremely restricted distribution, such as Powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea, which is only found in a remnant of coastal forest. ==Habitat==

These snails live mostly in moist native forest. Some live in lowland forest, such as P. traversi traversi, which is nationally endangered and has its own 10 ha reserve of kahikatea forest and raupo swamp near Levin. Other species live in upland forest, or even under tussock grasses above the treeline. Several species only inhabit forests on limestone soils; they require calcium to build their shells and eggs, and this is obtained from eating invertebrates (including other snails) which have taken up calcium from the limestone environment. Powelliphanta require a moist environment because, unlike other land snails, they cannot seal off their shells with a protective mucous membrane. ==Description==

'' at Lake Papaitonga The largest species, Powelliphanta superba prouseorum, has a shell up to across and can weigh . The striking delicately patterned shells of Powelliphanta come in an array of shades, from brown or red to yellow or black. The structure of these shells is very delicate, with a very thin layer of calcium carbonate, covered by a thicker chitinous outer layer. These snails need moist surroundings, otherwise the outer layer (periostracum) dries, shrinks and cracks; this sometimes happens in museum shells of this genus which have been stored dry. ==Life habits==

Powelliphanta are carnivorous, eating mostly earthworms or slugs. They are nocturnal, and during the day live buried under leaf litter and logs. Powelliphanta uses a rudimentary radula to devour their prey: a tongue-like belt of teeth, which scrapes chunks of flesh into the oesophagus. Far from being swallowed whole, prey are subjected to prolonged radulation. Powelliphanta can live for 20 years or more, and are slow to mature, reaching sexual maturity around 5–6 years of age. Eggs take 2–6 months to hatch in lowland species, 12–14 months for high-altitude species. ==Fossil record==

Originating more than 235 million years on the supercontinent Gondwana, these snails have been isolated in New Zealand since it separated from Australia about 80 million years ago, and have evolved into numerous distinct species. ==Conservation status==

-preyed Powelliphanta traversi snail shells. Most of these snails are under serious threat or even in danger of extinction. Their main natural predator is the weka, and rats. Possums have been shown to eat up to 60 snails in one night. Habitat modification and trampling by introduced animals like goats, deer, and cows is also a threat. The subspecies Powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea and Powelliphanta traversi otakia are the most threatened. The IUCN Red List states for Powelliphanta marchantii a lower risk, near threatened. It is illegal since 1982 to collect shells of Powelliphanta; collecting live animals for their shells may have made some species rarer, but some species also need to feed on discarded shells to recycle their calcium lining. ==Species==

Species within the genus Powelliphanta include: ==Cultural relevance==

A Powelliphanta illustrated by Dave Gunson appeared on a New Zealand 40-cent postage stamp, issued October 1997. ==References==