of the Gestapo-headquarters in the Shellhus,
Copenhagen, Denmark in March 1945. A
Mosquito pulling away from its bombing run is visible on the extreme left, centre In the early days of
World War II, bombers were expected to strike by daylight and deliver accurately in order to avoid civilian casualties. Cloud cover and industrial haze frequently obscured targets so bomb release was made by
dead reckoning from the last navigational "fix"—the bombers dropping their loads according to the
ETA for the target. Some airforces soon found that daylight bombing resulted in heavy losses since fighter interception became easy and switched to night bombing. This allowed the bombers a better chance of survival, but made it much harder to even find the general area of the target, let alone drop bombs precisely. The Luftwaffe addressed this issue first by using a series of radio beams to direct aircraft and indicate when to drop bombs. Several different techniques were tried, including Knickebein, X-Gerät and
Y-Gerät (Wotan). These provided impressive accuracy—British post-raid analysis showed that the vast majority of the bombs dropped could be placed within
100 yards (91 m) of the midline of the beam, spread along it a few hundred yards around the target point, even in pitch-dark conditions at a range of several hundred miles. But the systems fatally depended on accurate radio reception, and the British invented the first
electronic warfare techniques to successfully counter this weapon in the '
Battle of the Beams' The RAF later developed their own
beam guidance techniques, such as
GEE and
Oboe. These systems could provide an accuracy of about 100 yards radius, and were supplemented by the downward-looking radar system
H2S. The British development of specialist
'Earthquake' bombs (which needed to be dropped very accurately) led to the development of supporting aiming techniques such as
SABS and the
Pathfinder Force. Specialist units such as
617 squadron were able to use these and other techniques to achieve remarkable precision, such as the bombing of the
Michelin factory at
Clermont-Ferrand in France, where they were required to destroy the workshops but leave the canteen next to them standing. By 1941, precision
day bombing had become the dominant doctrine in the
US Army Air Corps. As war with Germany loomed,
Air War Plans Division Plan No. 1 (AWPD-1), a detailed plan for the entire
US Army Air Forces (USAAF), was drafted by four officers who had been proponents of precision bombing at the
Air Corps Tactical School:
Lt. Col. Harold L. George,
Lt. Col. Kenneth N. Walker,
Maj. Haywood S. Hansell Jr., and
Maj. Laurence S. Kuter. AWPD-1 prescribed an emphasis on precision bombing against the German national infrastructure, industry—especially the aircraft industry—and the Luftwaffe. For the USAAF, daylight bombing was normal based upon box formations for defense from fighters. Bombing was coordinated through a lead aircraft but although still nominally precision bombing (as opposed to the area bombing carried out by
RAF Bomber Command) the result of bombing from high level was still spread over an area. Before the war on practice ranges, some USAAF crews were able to produce very accurate results, but over Europe with weather and German fighters and anti-aircraft guns and the limited training for new crews this level of accuracy was impossible to reproduce. The US defined the target area as being a radius circle around the target point - for the majority of USAAF attacks only about 20% of the bombs dropped struck in this area. The U.S. daytime bombing raids were more effective in reducing German defences by engaging the German Luftwaffe than destruction of the means of aircraft production. An example of the difficulties of precision bombing was a raid in the Northern Hemisphere summer of 1944 by 47
B-29's on Japan's
Yawata Steel Works from bases in China. Only one plane actually hit the target area, and only with one of its bombs. This single general-purpose bomb represented one quarter of one percent of the 376 bombs dropped over Yawata on that mission. It took 108 B-17 bombers, crewed by 1,080 airmen, dropping 648 bombs to guarantee a 96 percent chance of getting just two hits inside a 400 x German power-generation plant. ==See also==