In European languages In
Manx, pre-occlusion occurs in stressed monosyllabic words (i.e. words one syllable long), and is also found in
Cornish on certain stressed syllables. The inserted stop is homorganic with the sonorant, which means it has the same
place of articulation. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. In transcription, pre-occluding consonants in final position are typically written with a superscripted letter in Manx and in Cornish. Examples in Manx include: • → : → "heavy" • → : → "walking" • → : → "head" • → : → "birds" • → : → "ship" In Cornish, pre-occlusion mostly affects the reflexes of older geminate/fortis , intrinsically geminated in Old Cornish, and (or /N/ depending on preferred notation). It also arises in a few cases where the combination was apparently re-interpreted as . Examples in
Cornish: • → : "mother" • → : "this" • → : "head" • → : "heads" In
Faroese, pre-occlusion also occurs, as in
kallar 'you call, he calls',
seinna 'latter'. A similar feature occurs in
Icelandic, as in
galli ('error');
sæll ,
seinna ;
Spánn .
In Mon–Khmer languages Pre-stopped nasals are also found in several branches of
Austroasiatic, especially in the
North Aslian languages and
Shompen, where historical word-final nasals, *m *n *ŋ, have become pre-stopped, or even full voiced stops .
In Australian languages Pre-stopped nasals and laterals are found in some
Australian Aboriginal languages, such as
Kuyani (Adnyamathanha),
Arabana,
Wangkangurru,
Diyari,
Aranda (nasals only), and
Martuthunira (laterals only). Adnyamathanha, for example, has the pre-stopped nasals and the pre-stopped laterals , though these are all in allophonic variation with the simple nasals and laterals .
In Austronesian languages Hiw of Vanuatu is the only
Austronesian language that has been reported to have a pre-stopped
velar lateral approximant . Its phonological behavior defines it as a prestopped
lateral, rather than as a
laterally released stop. but could possibly be described as prestopped nasals. ==See also==