Origins and foundation of Calenberg Castle at the main entrance Originally the territory belonged to the
Duchy of Saxony but in 1180, after the
imperial ban had been imposed on the
Welf prince,
Henry the Lion, he lost his ducal lands in Saxony and Bavaria. However, in 1235, Henry's grandson,
Otto the Child, was promoted to the rank of prince as a result of the reconciliation between the Houses of
Hohenstaufen and
Welf and was given the
allodial estates of the family claimed by them in the area between
Lüneburg and
Brunswick as the new and independent
Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the region west of Hanover, the Welfs had but few allodial possessions and so that area was disputed between the House of Welf and the bishops of
Hildesheim and
Minden. It was largely ruled by comital dynasties, such as the counts of
Wölpe in the northwest, the counts of
Hallermund in the southwest and the counts of Rhoden in the west and in Hanover. In 1292 Duke
Otto the Strict from the
Lüneburg line of the Welfs subjugated the region. Earlier, he had yielded to the Bishop of Hildesheim and accepted the city of Hanover as his fief. However, he shook off his allegiance and founded
Calenberg Castle, just west of
Hildesheim, in a countermove in order to further reduce the power of the Bishop of Hildesheim in the Hanover area. Administratively, this area was initially still called the
Vogtei of Lauenrode, after
Lauenrode Castle on the outskirts of Hanover, from where, the Welfs ruled the territory. With the extinction of the Lüneburg line of the Welfs, the
Lüneburg War of Succession, broke out (1371–88) during which Lauenrode Castle was stormed by the citizens of Hanover and destroyed. The
Vogtei was then moved to Calenberg Castle.
Welf inheritance divisions The Welf dukes did not inherit their land by
primogeniture and this resulted in the late
Middle Ages in numerous Welf estates and a great fragmentation of Welf territory. In 1400 the
Vogtei of Calenberg went to the
Wolfenbüttel line of the Welfs. In 1408 and 1409 they were able to purchase the county of
Everstein and the lordship of
Homburg after the extinction of their reigning families. These were added to the
Vogtei of Calenberg. In a further Welf inheritance in 1432 - the ninth according to Gudrun Pischke - the area was divided again by the Welf dukes
William the Victorious and
Henry the Peaceful who had hitherto ruled jointly in the
Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. While Henry retained the Wolfenbüttel lands, William was compensated with the newly created Principality of Calenberg. At that time, the lordship given to William had no name. It consisted of the rights formerly owned by the
Principality of Lüneburg between the Deister range and the Leine river, as well as the former
County of Wölpe, the lordship of Hallermund near
Springe and the Homburg and Everstein dominions. As the Welf princes all carried the ducal title and the territories they ruled were principalities within the
Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, their dominions were named after the main castle or town. William spent most of his time at Calenberg Castle from where he administered the territory. As a result, it is probable that the name of the Principality of Calenberg emerged during this time.
Unification with Göttingen Between 1442 and 1463 William succeeded in taking over the rule over the Brunswick
Principality of Göttingen. Although unification with Calenberg initially came about purely by chance, it lasted nonetheless. In order to distinguish the two areas which were physically separated by the foothills of the uplands in the Leine valley, Calenberg in the north was usually referred to as
Unterwald ("Lower Forest"), whilst the Göttingen region was called the
Oberwald ("Upper Forest"). When in 1473 William also inherited the Principality of Wolfenbüttel from his brother Henry who had left no heirs, he ceded sovereignty over Calenberg to his sons
William the Younger and
Frederick III, known as "the Restless" or "Turbulentus". After the death of William the Victorious in 1482 both sons shared the regency. In an agreement dated 1 August 1483, however, they split the rights of use (
Mutschierung). The younger son, Frederick the Restless, was awarded the rights of use over Calenberg and Göttingen, and his brother William the Younger was awarded the rule over Wolfenbüttel. Nevertheless, in 1484/85 William deposed his brother Frederick and declared him insane. The reasons for his removal are debated; perhaps by his participation in many armed conflicts, Frederick was seen to pose a threat to Welf rule in Calenberg and Göttingen. So William succeeded - albeit only briefly - in re-uniting the entire territory of the principalities of Calenberg, Brunswick-Göttingen and
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. After Frederick's death in 1495, however, William again divided his territories and left the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to his elder son
Henry V.
Under Eric I, Elisabeth and Eric II ca. 1530 The younger son,
Eric I received Calenberg and Göttingen and thus founded the Calenberg line of the
House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the new territory so formed, the name Calenberg was increasingly used for both parts of the state. For the period under Eric I and his son,
Eric II, however, the name "Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen" was also used a lot. The principality had separate parliamentary Estates and separate councils for each part. The chancellery for
Unterwald was established in Neustadt on Rübenberge and that for
Oberwald in Münden. There were also separate residences, lordly castles or manor houses and palaces in each town as well as separate repositories for their records. Under Eric I,
Calenberg Castle was expanded into a strong fortress. Another heavily fortified castle, which he had built, was the
Erichsburg near
Dassel on which construction began in 1527. In the
Hildesheim Diocesan Feud in 1519 he was initially defeated militarily in the
Battle of Soltau. Diplomatically, however, he was able to win a ruling from the Emperor
Charles V that saw a large part of the
Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim added to his domain. Eric I was hostile to the emerging
Protestant Reformation. His second wife,
Elisabeth of Brandenburg, however, whom he married in 1525, switched over to the new doctrine in 1535 and promoted it at the court, which then resided at
Münden. After Eric's death in 1540 she took over the government for their underage son, Eric II, and implemented the Reformation in the principality with the state superintendent
Antonius Corvinus she had appointed. Eric II, however, converted to Roman Catholicism in 1547 even though he was raised as an Evangelical by his mother. He was not able to reverse the Reformation in the principality however. His power in the principality was already very weak. He spent most of his time as a mercenary leader abroad, and was financially dependent on the towns. In 1553 he had to secure the financial aid of his towns by approving evangelical preaching. From 1574 he had
Neustadt am Rübenberge developed as a fortified town and built
Landestrost Castle within its walls as a Renaissance chateau, integrated into a bastion fortress based on the Italian model. In 1582 when the
counts of Hoya died out, the larger part of the county went to Calenberg. In 1584 Calenberg also acquired the
Diepholz.
Thirty Years' War After Eric's death in 1584 Calenberg-Göttingen was again ruled by the
Wolfenbüttel line of the Welfs. In the
Thirty Years' War the brother of Duke
Frederick Ulrich,
"mad" Christian, brought the war to the state. After Danish troops under King
Christian IV, who was then commander of the
Lower Saxon Circle, was defeated by the general of the
Catholic League,
Tilly in the
Battle of Lutter, Tilly occupied the whole principality in 1626. Only the cities of Brunswick and Hanover could not be captured. (former Minorite monastery) in Hanover When Duke Frederick Ulrich died childless in 1634 the Wolfenbüttel line of the Middle House of Brunswick ended with him. In 1635 Duke
Augustus the Elder from the Middle House of Lüneburg received the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen. After his death in 1636 his younger brother
George became its ruler. He was successful as a general on the Swedish side and he also succeeded in 1637 in recovering the country and especially the towns for the Welfs. He initially ruled out of occupied Hildesheim, but then moved his residence to
Hanover, which he also had built as a fortress. He had the former
Franciscan friary, built around 1300, converted into the
Leineschloss, which from then on served as a residence for the sovereigns of the principality. After his death in 1641 a separate peace was hastily concluded with the emperor, which had to be paid for by the return of the land acquired during the
Hildesheim Diocesan Feud. George's sons,
Christian Louis,
George William,
John Frederick and
Ernest Augustus then ruled the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen in succession.
Elevation to an electorate In 1665 the
Principality of Grubenhagen, whose line had died out in 1596 and over which the lines of Lüneburg and Wolfenbüttel had long fought in the
Imperial Chamber Court, was also finally added to the Calenberg dynasty. George's youngest son,
Ernest Augustus, who ruled from 1679, carried on the successful policies of his father and his brothers. In 1689 the Calenbergs also inherited
Saxe-Lauenburg. Ernest Augustus switched to the side of the emperor and introduced
primogeniture, contrary to the direction of his father. In 1692 for his services to the emperor, Ernest Augustus was rewarded after a long struggle with the title of the ninth
electorate. Officially he was now the
Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his government was called the "Electoral Brunswick-Lüneburg Government". In 1705 it was enhanced further by the inheritance of the
Principality of Lüneburg, whereby all the estates of the Welfs, apart from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, became united under the line also known as the
House of Hanover from which the British royal throne are descended. == Economic and social history ==