waited outside for the constitution's proclamation.
Events leading to January 14, 1893 In the weeks prior, her cabinet had all individually confided in the Queen stressing to her all for the need for a new constitution. The Queen then called meetings at Muʻolaulani Palace to have a chance to hear everyone’s thoughts regarding constitutional reform. The conclusion of these meetings received the same (yes) response from the entire cabinet. Having been assured that they were all aligned in a like-minded plan, and trusting in their loyalty to the constitutional government they swore to uphold under oath when appointed to each of their positions; the draft for a new constitution had begun.
January 14, 1893 On January 14, 1893, the Queen met with her cabinet at
ʻIolani Palace. None of her ministers agreed to sign the constitution. In fact, the ministers intention was never to sign the constitution at all. They were and had already been actively informing the Queen's political enemies of her plans, and were more than aware of the unnecessary turmoil that their actions were soon to ignite. The Queen, though anxious from what was all too clear to her at that point a set-up, was far more concerned with what this would mean for Native Hawaiians. The Bayonet Constitution was directly oppressing, depriving, and restricting their rights, and they alone were suffering for it. During the election of 1892 out of the 9,500 registered voters, 7,000, or 3/4 of them had formally sent signed petitions to the Queen expressing their plea for a new constitution. Her response was “To have ignored or disregarded so general a request I must have been deaf to the voice of the people, which tradition tells us that is the voice of God. No true Hawaiian chief would have done other than to promise a consideration of their wishes.” Outside, a large crowd of Native Hawaiians had gathered, expecting the Queen to proclaim a new constitution. However, after her meeting with her cabinet, Liliʻuokalani instead went outside onto the palace balcony and told the crowd that a new constitution would have to wait and that they should peacefully return to their homes. That evening, a group of the Queen's opponents met to discuss the events of the day. Most were concerned over the Queen's attempt to restore the power of the crown. Some annexationists, like
Henry Baldwin, urged moderation but others, like
Lorrin A. Thurston urged the complete overthrow of the monarchy. A plan of action was created by the group, including the creation of a
Committee of Safety, the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a provisional government, and the petitioning for annexation to the
United States.
Overthrow of the Kingdom The following Monday, the Queen issued a statement saying that she would not attempt to amend the constitution except by the means provided in the 1887 constitution. However, the Committee of Safety did not believe her promise was sincere, and continued with their planning. A group of men mostly drawn from the ranks of the
Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom formed the Committee of Safety and asked the United States Minister,
John L. Stevens, to land troops from the
U.S.S. Boston (anchored in Honolulu Harbor) into Honolulu, “to protect American lives and property.”
John L. Stevens, reacting to what he saw as potential unrest as the internal crisis continued, requested the landing of 300
Marines, who were given specific orders by Captain G. C. Wiltse to "land in Honolulu for the purpose of protecting our legation, consulate, and the lives and property of American citizens, and to assist in preserving public order." At 2:00pm on January 17, 1893, a proclamation was read on the steps of Government building, declaring the monarchy overthrown. U.S. peacekeepers were at the time stationed at Arion Hall, the U.S. Consulate, and the U.S. Legation, under orders of strict neutrality and out of any potential line of fire between the Provisional Government and Royalist forces. The Queen abdicated under protest ostensibly "to the superior force of the United States government", though her surrender was delivered to the Provisional Government, not the United States. The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi had ended, and a new
provisional government was declared. The Provisional Government quickly gained recognition from the United States Government and all the other governments with embassies in Hawaiʻi, but was opposed by the administration of
Grover Cleveland for years as he attempted to restore the monarchy, beginning with the
Blount Report. President
Grover Cleveland, in a message to Congress on December 18, 1893, denounced the actions of Minister Stevens, the Honolulu Rifles and the Committee of Safety as an "act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress." ==Liliʻuokalani's trial==