MarketProto-Trans–New Guinea language
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Proto-Trans–New Guinea language

Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.

Phonology
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is reconstructed with a typical simple Papuan inventory: five vowels ; three phonations of stops at three places , , ; plus a palatal affricate , the fricative , and the approximants . Syllables are typically (C)V, with CVC possible at the ends of words. Many of the languages have restricted tone systems. : The Proto-Trans–New Guinea vowels are reconstructed as having a cross-linguistically frequent five-vowel system: : ==Pronouns==
Pronouns
Ross reconstructs the following pronominal paradigm for Trans–New Guinea, with *a~*i ablaut for singular~non-singular: : There is a related but less commonly attested form for 'we', *nu, as well as a *ja for 'you', which Ross speculates may have been a polite form. In addition, there were dual suffixes *-li and *-t, and a plural suffix *-nV, (i.e. n plus a vowel) as well as collective number suffixes *-pi- (dual) and *-m- (plural) that functioned as inclusive we when used in the first person. (Reflexes of the collective suffixes, however, are limited geographically to the central and eastern highlands, and so might not be as old as proto-Trans–New Guinea.) ==Morphology==
Morphology
Studies group Madang, Finisterre-Huon, and Kainantu-Goroka together as part of a larger Northeast New Guinea (NENG) group on the basis of morphological evidence, such as mutually reconstructable verbal suffixes that mark subject: ;Proto-Northeast New Guinea subject-marking verbal suffixes : ;Comparison of reconstructions of subject-marking verbal suffixes : ==Lexicon==
Lexicon
Lexical words, such as *niman 'louse', may also be reconstructed: ::Reflexes of *niman'' 'louse', which attest to an intermediate *iman in the east:'' :Chimbu–Wahgi: Mid/Nuclear Wahgi :Engan: Enga & Kewa :Finisterre–Huon: Kâte , Selepet :Gogodala :Kainantu–Goroka: Awa , Tairora , Fore , Gende :Southern Kiwai :Koiarian: Managalasi :Kolopom: Kimaghama , Riantana :Kwale :Madang: Kalam , Watiwa (Rai Coast) , Sirva (Adelbert) :Mek: Kosarek :Marori :Paniai Lakes: Ekari (metathesis?) :Timor–Alor–Pantar: Western Pantar , Oirata (metathesis?) :Wiru ::Questionable branches: :Pauwasi: Yafi :Central Sentani The Proto-Trans–New Guinea negative is reconstructed as *ma-. Negatives in Trans–New Guinea languages usually have either an mV- or nV- form. • *mV (often *ma): Angaatɨha (Angan); Apalɨ, Waskia, Kalam (Madang); Kâte, Kombe (Finisterre-Huon) • *na ~ *naa: Awara (Finisterre-Huon); Enga, Ku Waru, Middle Wahgi (Chimbu-Wahgi); Oksapmin ==Reconstructions==
Lexical comparison
For other lexical comparison tables of Papuan languages, see also: • West Papuan languages#Lexical comparison • West Bomberai languages#Lexical comparison • West Papuan Highlands languages#Lexical comparison • Northwest Papuan languages#Lexical comparison • Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages#Lexical comparison • Papuan Gulf languages#Lexical comparison • Torricelli languages#Lexical comparison • Sepik–Ramu languages#Lexical comparison • East Papuan languages#Lexical comparison ==See also==
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