Pseudo-Gnosticism is a term used for groups which have been labelled Gnostic, either by their contemporaries or modern historians even when the accuracy of this label is questionable. Examples include some ancient groups like the Thomasines or the Bardaisanites, but more often refer to medieval sects accused of Gnosticism or rejection of established Catholic Church doctrine by other Christian authorities such as the Paulicians or according to some, the mainstream Cathars and Bogomils.