In 1942,
Gertrude Schmeidler, a professor of psychology at
City University of New York, used a questionnaire to discover the beliefs of test subjects concerning psi. She called those who thought psi existed "sheep", and those who did not think psi existed (or did not believe it could influence the tests) she called "goats". When she compared the results of the questionnaire to the results of the psi test, she found that the "sheep" scored significantly above chance, and the "goats" scored significantly below chance. According to Mario Varvoglis, PhD, President of the
Parapsychological Association from 2001 to 2002: ==See also==