MarketList of psychoactive plants
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List of psychoactive plants

Psychoactive plants are plant species that, when consumed by humans, are known or suspected to produce changes in nervous system function that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia.

Cannabinoids
Species of the genus Cannabis, known colloquially as marijuana, including Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, are popular psychoactive plants that are often used medically and recreationally. The principal psychoactive substance in Cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), contains no nitrogen, unlike many (but not all) other psychoactive substances and is not an indole, tryptamine or phenethylamine. THC is just one of more than 100 identified cannabinoid compounds in Cannabis, which also include cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis plants vary widely, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) and yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of C. sativa and C. indica. The medicinal effects of cannabis are widely studied, and are active topics of research both at universities and private research firms. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the cultivation, sale and/or use of medical and recreational cannabis. ==Tryptamines==
Tryptamines
molecule molecule '' flower lydenbergense'' flower nubigenum'' Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), or other tryptamines, which are either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI, and must be extremely concentrated in order to be vaporized. ===Acanthaceae=== "Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material" • Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. ===Aceraceae=== • Acer saccharinum (silver maple) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds. ===Aizoaceae=== • Delosperma acuminatum, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT • Delosperma cooperi, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT • Voacanga africana: Up to 10% Iboga alkaloids ===Fabaceae (Leguminosae)=== molecule • Acacia acuminata, Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of dimethyltryptamine in bark & leaf Also, harman, tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf. • Acacia alpina, Active principles in leaf • Acaciella angustissima, β-methyl-phenethylamine, Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds. • Acacia auriculiformis, 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark • Acacia baileyana, 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman Ash used in Pituri. • Senegalia berlandieri, DMT, phenethylamine, mescaline, nicotineSenegalia catechu, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark • Vachellia caven, Psychoactive • Acacia complanata, 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine • Acacia confusa, DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem. • Vachellia cornigera, Psychoactive, DMT according to C. Rastch. • Acacia cultriformis, Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem • Acacia delibrata, Psychoactive in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower. Ether extracts about 2–6% of the dried leaf mass. Alkaloids are present in the bark and leaves. • Acacia flavescens, Strongly Psychoactive, Bark • Acacia floribunda, Tryptamine, phenethylamine, in flowers DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3–0.4% phyllodes. • Acacia georginae, Psychoactive, • Mimosa jurema, DMT, Histamine alkaloids. but less than 0.02% total alkaloids • Acacia obtusifolia, Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines, 0.4–0.5% in dried bark,0.15–0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips. • Vachellia oerfota, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT • Acacia penninervis, Psychoactive • Senegalia rigidula: Phenethylamine, tryptamine, tyramine, and β-Methylphenethylamine. • Acacia sassa, Psychoactive • Senegalia senegal, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, • Vachellia tortilis, DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines Bufotenin oxide, Beans, The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT. • Anadenanthera peregrina, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant, • Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, Bufotenine is in the seeds. • Desmanthus illinoensis, 0–0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable. Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic). • Desmanthus leptolobus, 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis (syn. Ohwia caudata), Roots: 0.087% DMT, • Codariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, leaves, roots • Desmodium racemosum, 5-MeO-DMT less in stems and 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and roots • Mimosa scabrella, tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark • Mimosa somnians, tryptamines and MMT • Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 1-1.7% DMT (dry root bark). • Mimosa verrucosa, DMT in root bark • Mucuna pruriens, the seeds of the plant contain about 3.1–6.1% . • Petalostylis casseoides, 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5% • Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum), DMT; • Zornia latifolia, the flavones genistein, apigenin and syzalterin may explain the cannabis-like effects ===Lauraceae=== • Nectandra megapotamica, NMT ===Malpighiaceae=== • Diplopterys cabrerana: McKenna et al. (1984) assayed and found the leaves contain 0.17% DMT ===Myristicaceae === • Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT, and beta-carbolines • Virola calophylloidea, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves. • Virola sebifera, The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. • Virola venosa, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT • Arundo donax, 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT • Phalaris aquatica, 0.0007–0.18% Total alkaloids, 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT, • Phalaris brachystachys, aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present • Phalaris coerulescens, Coerulescine and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline in rhizome. • Phragmites australis, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine and gramine in the rhizome. None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica. • Psychotria colorata, Presence of mu opioid receptor(MOR) agonist and NMDA antagonist: hodgkinsine, psychotridine. Also mentioned in The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. • Psychotria expansa, DMT DMT ===Rutaceae=== Source: • Dictyoloma incanescens, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, • Dutaillyea drupacea, > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves (Might also contain pilocarpine) • Vepris ampody, up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches • Citrus sinesis, DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative • Chinotto Tree, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf • Citrus medica, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf ==Phenethylamines==
Phenethylamines
molecule molecule Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh)Alkaloid Content (Dried)Coryphantha contains various phenethylamine alkaloids including macromerine, coryphanthine, O-methyl-candicine, corypalmine, and N-methyl-corypalmine. • Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, DMPEA 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01% Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. also DMPEA 0.01–0.05% Mescaline • Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), Mescaline 0.006–0.12%, 0.05% Average; Mescaline 0.01%–2.375% • Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Mescaline 0.0005%–0.12%; Mescaline • Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline; Mescaline > 0.005–0.025% mescaline > 0.005–0.025% Mescaline; • Echinopsis valida, 0.025% mescaline 3–6% Mescaline • Opuntia basilaris Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine • Pelecyphora aselliformis, mescaline Eria Jarens- N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine ==Beta-carbolines==
Beta-carbolines
, a beta-carboline molecule molecule Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects. ===Apocynaceae=== • Amsonia tabernaemontana, harman • Aspidosperma polyneuron, beta-carbolines tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine, 5-MeO-DMT in bark • Banisteriopsis inebrians, beta-carbolines • Diplopterys cabrerana, beta-carbolines === Passifloraceae === • Passiflora actinia, harman Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25% Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient. • Peganum nigellastrum, harmine • Tribulus terrestris, harmine etc.; Harman • Zygophyllum fabago, harmine etc.; Harman ==Opiates==
Opiates
Opiates are the natural products of many plants, the most famous and historically relevant of which is Papaver somniferum. Opiates are defined as natural products (or their esters and salts that revert to the natural product in the human body), whereas opioids are defined as semi-synthetic or fully synthetic compounds that trigger the Opioid receptor of the mu sub-type. Other opiate receptors, such as kappa- and delta-opiate receptors are part of this system but do not cause the characteristic behavioral depression and analgesia which is mostly mediated through the mu-opiate receptor. An opiate, in classical pharmacology, is a substance derived from opium. In more modern usage, the term opioid is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the Papaver somniferum plant (opium poppy). The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America. In 2014, between 13 and 20 million people used opiates recreationally (0.3% to 0.4% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). According to the CDC, from this population, there were 47,000 deaths, with a total of 500,000 deaths from 2000 to 2014. In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 27 million people suffer from Opioid use disorder. They also reported that in 2015, 450,000 people died as a result of drug use, with between a third and a half of that number being attributed to opioids. ===Papaver somniferum=== The plant contains a latex that thickens into opium when it is dried. Opium contains approximately 40 alkaloids, which are summarized as opium alkaloids. === Picralima nitida === • AkuammineAkuammicinePericine It may also have convulsant effects. • AkuammilineAkuammidineN-FormylakuammilinePicralinePicraphyllineDihydroakuammine & Other alkaloids === Psychotria colorata === • Hodgkinsine === Aspidosperma spp. === • Akuammicine == Plants containing other psychoactive substances ==
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