Quasi-judicial body

Such bodies usually have powers of adjudication in such matters as: • breach of discipline • conduct rules • trust in the matters of money or otherwise • commercial and investment disputes Their powers are usually limited to a very specific area of expertise and authority, such as land use and zoning, financial markets, employment law, public standards, and/or a specific set of regulations of an agency. The decisions of such a body are often made after a quasi-judicial proceeding, which may resemble a court. ==Differences from judicial bodies==

There are some key differences between judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, in that: • Judicial decisions are bound by precedent in common law, whereas quasi-judicial decisions usually are not so bound; • In the absence of precedent in common law, judicial decisions may create new law, whereas quasi-judicial decisions must be based on conclusions of existing law; • Quasi-judicial bodies need not always follow strict judicial rules of evidence and procedure; • Quasi-judicial bodies must hold formal hearings only if mandated to do so under their governing laws, regulations or agreements; • Quasi-judicial bodies, unlike courts, may be a party in a matter and issue a decision thereon at the same time, depending on the specifically governing rules. ==Decisions==

In general, decisions of a quasi-judicial body require findings of facts to reach conclusions of law that justify the decision. They usually depend on a predetermined set of guidelines or criteria to assess the nature and gravity of the permission or relief sought, or of the offense committed. Decisions of a quasi-judicial body are often legally enforceable under the laws of a jurisdiction; they can be challenged in a court of law, which is the final decisive authority. ==List of quasi-judicial bodies==

The following is a partial list of quasi-judicial bodies: Canada • Canadian International Trade Tribunal • Canadian Transportation Agency • Ontarian committees of adjustment • Ontario Municipal Board • Trademarks Opposition Board • Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission India Some non-constitutional bodies that are quasi-judicial in nature: • National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) • Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) • Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) • Assessing authorities under the Income Tax Laws • Authorities O/o Chief Labour Commissioner (Central) posted in various states under Labour Laws • National Human Rights Commission • National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission • Competition Commission of India • Appellate Tribunal for Electricity • Railway Claims Tribunal • Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunal • Banking Ombudsman • National Green Tribunal • Central Information Commission • Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) • Reserve Bank of India (RBI) • Employees Provident Fund Organization • Election Commission of India (ECI) • Employees' state Insurance Corporation • Juvenile Justice Board United Kingdom • Parades Commission • Local planning committees • Sheriffs Principal in Scotland • Financial Services Authority United States • Civil Aeronautics Board (defunct as of 1985) • United States Merit Systems Protection Board • Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission • Californian planning commissions • California Coastal Commission • Federal Aviation Administration • US Patent & Trademark Office including the Patent Trial and Appeal Board • Local Zoning Board of Appeals • National Labor Relations Board • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • Federal Election Commission • Federal Trade Commission • International Trade Commission Other • Parole boards • Commission of Inquiry • United Nations Human Rights Committee • Court of Arbitration for Sport • Philippines Commission on Elections • National Privacy Commission (Philippines) • European Patent Office • National Labor Relations Commission • New Zealand's Broadcasting Standards Authority • Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority • Chief District Officer of Nepal • Federal Judicial Administration Council (Ethiopia) • African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights • World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement ==References==