Quercus cerris

Quercus cerris is a large deciduous tree growing to tall with a trunk up to in diameter. The bark is dark gray and deeply furrowed. On mature trees, the bark fissures are often streaked orange near the base of the trunk. The glossy leaves are long and 3–5 cm wide, with 6–12 triangular lobes on each side; the regularity of the lobing varies greatly, with some trees having very regular lobes, others much less regular. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins, maturing about 18 months after pollination; the fruit is a large acorn, long and 2 cm broad, bicoloured with an orange basal half grading to a green-brown tip; the acorn cup is 2 cm deep, densely covered in soft 'mossy' bristles from in length. File:Quercus cerris.JPG|Mature Turkey oak at Hillersdon House, England File:Turkey Oak at Spier's.JPG|A Turkey oak coming into leaf File:quercetum frainetto-cerris.jpg|Hungarian oak-Turkey oak (Quercetum frainetto-cerris Rud) forest in the Balkans File:Turkey oak grove.jpg|Turkey oak grove, Lončanik village, Central Serbia File:Saçlı meşe-2.JPG|Foliage File: Quercus cerris1.jpg|Turkey oak leaf showing variation in lobing File:Цер – цъфтеж.jpg|Turkey oak flower File:Quercus cerris 5.jpg|Acorns with 'hairy' cups Quercus cerris MHNT.BOT.2021.17.5.jpg|Turkey oak dried fruits and seeds == Ecology and cultivation ==

First year acorns are very bitter, but are eaten by jays and pigeons; squirrels usually only eat them when other food sources have run out. The species' range extended to northern Europe and the British Isles before the previous ice age, about 120,000 years ago. It was reintroduced in the UK and Ireland in the eighteenth century as an ornamental tree, its gall wasps now provide early food for birds. The tree harbours the gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis whose larvae seriously damage the acorns of native British oaks. In 1998, the Ministry of Defence ordered the felling of all Turkey oaks on its United Kingdom bases. Turkey oak is widely planted and is naturalised in much of Europe. This is partly for its relatively fast growth. It is used as an ornamental, and as a coastal windbreak. Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Variegata', a variegated cultivar, and 'Woden', with large, deeply lobed leaves. Turkey oak readily hybridises with cork oak (Q. suber), the resulting hybrid being named Q. × crenata Lam. This hybrid occurs both naturally where its parents' ranges overlap in the wild, and has also arisen in cultivation. It is a very variable medium to large tree, usually semi-evergreen, sometimes nearly completely so, and often with marked hybrid vigour; its bark is thick and fissured but never as thick as that of the cork oak. Numerous cultivars are available, often grafted onto Turkey oak root stock. These include 'Ambrozyana', evergreen except in severe winters, originating from the Arboretum in Slovakia, home of the late Count Ambrozy; 'Diversifolia', with the leaves extremely deeply cut leaving a narrow strip down the centre, and very corky bark; 'Fulhamensis' (Fulham oak), raised at Osborne's nursery in Fulham c.1760; and 'Lucombeana' (Lucombe oak), raised by William Lucombe at his nursery in Exeter 1762. An early specimen raised by Lucombe is at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A similar Lucombe oak was felled by fungus and a light wind in Phear Park, Exmouth 15 February 2009. == Cultivation and uses ==

The wood has many of the characteristics of other oaks, but is very prone to crack and split and hence is relegated to such uses as fencing. ==See also==