Words exclusive to Galician, or with an early presence in local documents, have been frequently attributed to the Suebi who settled in Galicia and northern Portugal in 411, or alternatively to the Visigoths who annexed the Suebi kingdom in 585, although the later didn't settle in Galicia prior to the 8th century: • '
"landmark" and ' "to mark out a property" (in local documents since 818, but in Spanish only from the 16th century), • '''' "forelock, pigtail", recorded in 561, • '''' "volume of grain" (medieval from scala "bowl", documented since the 9th century), • '''' "felt", documented since 995, • ''
"generation" (if from medieval sala'' "settlement", 10th century), • '''' "pergola", since 1009, • '''' "skylark", since the 11th century, • '''' "titmouse" (13th century), • '''' "to break" (12th century), • '''' "to praise, boast, brag", • '
"to hurry, rush, hasten" and ' "promptness" (13th century), • ''
"serf" (mallato'', 10th century), • '
"dry wind", while some others (beyond the aforementioned) have a very early documentation in Latin documents from Galicia: ' (
baro "male, man", 9th century), '
"young, strong man" (10th century), ' "serf (cup bearer)" (11th century), '
and ' "companion, comrade" (9th century), '
"official" (9th century), ' "commander" (10th century), ''
"reddish" (raudane
, 10th century in León), "watch" (guardia
, 10th century), "strip" (nastalo'', 11th century, in
Braga), '
"boot" (9th century), ' "sop, soup" (
soparia, 10th century), ''
"clothes" (raupa
, 11th century), "to rob" (raubare'', 12th century), '
"inn" (11th century), ' "badger" (
Texunarias, first years of the 12th century), '
"watchtower" (10th century), ' "stake" (11th century), '
"spoor" (11th century), ' "to obtain", '
"cattle" (9th century), ' "flask" (
flascas, 9th century, in Asturias). Usually, some words shared by Galician,
Portuguese,
Spanish, and sometimes also
Catalan,
Occitan or
Italian, are considered of
Gothic extraction: '
Other words as ', which can be found in all of the Western Romance languages, are more frequently considered to be Germanic loanwords incorporated into Vulgar Latin, maybe in
Gaul. during the second millennium of our era There are a number of Germanic words which Galician shares with
French, but which are unknown in Spanish; these are either nautical direct borrowings, early importations into Iberia which felt out of use in Spanish, or loans produced independently in Galician and French: '
"to shatter, to trash" (French '), ''
"ashfly" (Falisca
, 12th century, French flammèche''), '
"to scratch off" and ', '
"comb" (French '), '
"to stretch" (), ' "to prop, to shore" (Old French
esprequer), '
"to lick" (French '), ''
"to wear away" (Old French raffer''). There are other words of Germanic origin which are characteristically Galician, being mostly unknown in Spanish: '
"ditch, trench", ' "rough, steep", '
"to peel, to rub", ' "sardine's guts", '
"nail", ' "to be anxious, to fret", '
"gulp", ' "to snatch, to rub", '
"to tread", ' "stomp", '
"food offered to a group of workers", ' "stingray", '
"bottlenose dolphin, killer whale", ' "evil deed, treason, cheat, mischief", '
"thin person/horse/cow", ' "to lend, to bring close", '
"splinter, thorn; rough bark (of a tree)", ' "blonde", '
"type of net", ' "to mix something with liquids", '
"nose" and ' "to hurt one's nose".
Suffixes At least two Germanic suffixes became productive in Galician, Portuguese and Spanish. The first one is -iskaz (medieval
francisco 'French',
grecisco 'Greek',
alemaniscus 'German',
frisiscus 'Frisian',
mauriscus 'Moor'; personal names
Uandaliscus 'Vandal',
Uniscus 'Hun',
Unisco 'Hun woman'; the second one is -ingaz, whence the Galician
reguengo 'royal property' (
regalengo, in the 10th century),
avoengo 'property of the lineage' (
abolenga, 10th century),
abadengo 'monastical property' (12th century),
mullerengo 'effeminate',
andarengo 'swift',
tourengo 'heat, mating season of the cattle',
millarengo 'linnet',
podenco 'hound' ...
List of words •
abetar vb. 'to err, entangle, confuse', Old Galician
abete sb.m. 'trick' ('cuidou que per abete o querian envayr os seus', c. 1270), from PGmc *baitjanan 'to bait', •
aio sb.
m. 'tutor, protector' ('Sendericus qui huius regis aio fuit manu mea', c. 1000), from
PGmc *haganan 'to feed', or else from Latin AVIA 'grandmother'. Cognates:
Spanish ayo idem,
OHG hagan 'to feed'. •
albergaría sb.f. 'inn' ('ad illa albergaria de loci apostolici', 1094), from PGmc *haribergō 'shelter, inn'. Cognates:
Italian albergo,
Occitan alberga, OHG
herberga 'inn'. Derivatives:
albergueiro 'innkeeper' ('albergarii, monetarii et cambiatores', 1133),
albergar 'to lodge' ('e hu alberga, derei-vos o que faz:', c. 1220). •
amainar vb. 'to calm down',
maino adj. 'mild, soft', maybe from PGmc *af-maginōn 'to lose strength'. •
anazar vb. 'to shake, to stir, to move, to mix', Old Galician 'to shake, drive' ('crara do ouo anaçada con vinagre et con azeite', c. 1409), from PGmc *anatjan 'to force'.
Cognate of
Old French anassier, Italian
annizzado, OHG
anazzen 'to incite; drive (by force)'. •
anca sb.m. 'hindquarter, buttock' ('et deulle hua muy grã ferida cõna lança, assy que o deribou en terra pelas ancas do caualo', 13th century), from PGmc *hanhaz 'leg, heel'. Cognates: Occitan
anca 'hip', ON
há-mót 'ankle-joint', OE
hóh 'heel'. •
anga sb.m. 'handle', from PGmc *angōn 'thorn, hook'. Cognates: Italian
arringa,
French harangue, Occitan, Spanish
arenga 'speech'. •
arpa sb.f. 'harp' ('çytolas, et vyolas, et arpas, et moytos outros estormētos', c. 1300), from PGmc *harpōn 'harp'. Cognates: French
harpe, Italian Spanish Occitan
arpa,
ON harpa,
OE hearpe, OHG
harpfa id. Derivatives:
arpeu 'grapnel, anchor' ('huu arpeo de ferro con seus eixos', 1433),
arpón 'harpoon',
farpa 'spike, nail' ('Nom se faz todo per farpar peliça?', 13th century). •
aspa sb.f. 'reel, cross' (18th century), from PGmc *haspōn 'hasp, fastening'. Cognates: Italian
aspo, Spanish
aspa. Derivatives:
aspar 'to mortify'. •
ataviar vb. 'to compose, to adorn' ('Alý chegou estonçe Achiles cõ sua caualaría, de moy bõo atabío', c. 1370), from PGmc *tawjanan 'to do, make, prepare', derived of *tawō 'hoard, armor'. Cognates: Spanish
ataviar,
Goth. taujan 'to do, to make', OHG
zowen 'to prepare'. Derivatives:
atavío 'adornment, attire'. •
braco sb.m. 'sleuth dog', from PGmc *brakka(n)- 'sleuth dog'. Cognates: Spanish
braco, Occitan
brac, German
Bracke. •
b(r)anco sb.m. 'bench, bank' ('due mense, archa V, duo banci', 1224), from PGmc *bankiz 'bench', *bankōn 'bank, shore, bed'. Cognates: Italian, Spanish
banco, French,
Catalan, Occitan
banc, ON
bekkr, OE
benc id, OHG
banc 'bench'. Derivatives:
bancal 'cloth, table-runner'. •
banda sb.f.
bando sb.m. 'party, side' ('habeam terciam de hereditate de Bando Malo', 1151), from PGmc *bandwō 'sign'. Cognates: Italian, Spanish
bando, Goth.
bandwa 'sign', ON
benda 'to give a sign'. Derivatives:
bandaria 'partiality',
abandar 'to join sides',
bandada 'flock',
bandear 'to shake, to wave',
bandexa bandoxo 'sieve, pan'. •
banda sb.f. 'band, strip' ('et tragía hũ escudo cõ banda de azur', 1370), from PGmc *bandan 'band'. Cognates: ON
band 'band, bond', French
bande, Italian
banda. Derivatives:
bandallo 'rag'. •
barragán sb.m 'young man',
barragana sb.f. 'harlot' ('habitantes homines de plebe beati Iacobi apostoli, nuncupatos barragaanes', 958), from a Gothic hypocoristic *barika, from *baraz 'man'. Akin to Nordic 'beriask' 'to fight'. •
basta sb.f. 'a basted seam' (18th century), from PGmc *bastjan 'to build, to sew'. Cognates: Spanish
basta, Italian
bastire 'to build', Occitan
bastir, French
bâtir. Derivatives:
bastrán 'jointer'. •
boga sb.f. 'clamp, fetter (of a hammer)', from PGmc *baugaz 'ring'. Cognates: Spanish
boga idem, Occitan
bauc 'ring', Italian
boga 'Hammerhülse', ON
baugr OHG
boug 'ring'. •
bóveda sb.f. 'vault, dome' ('ubi abbobata tribunalis est constructa', 899), from a Germanic form *bōwiþō 'dwelling', from PGmc *bōwanan 'to dwell, inhabit'. Cognates: Catalan
buada, Spanish
bóveda. •
brandear vb. 'to wave' ('e brandeou con lindos meneos súa bandeiriña', 1745), from PGmc *brandaz 'sword'. Cognates: It.
brandire, Occ. Fr.
brandir, Sp.
blandir, English
brandish. Galician
blandir 'to wave a sword' ('log'ir-e leixou en seu cavalo branqu'e sa lança muito brandindo', 13th century) was probably taken from Occitan. •
brasa sb.f. 'ember' ('Et as casas pintadas et nobles todas forõ tornadas en brasas.', 1370), from a Germanic form *brasa. Cognates: North Italian
braza, French
braise, Occitan
brasa, Portuguese
braza. ON.
brasa 'solder'. Derivatives:
braseiro 'place or holder for embers',
abrasar 'to burn, from scorch'. •
breca sb.f. 'cramp (muscular)', from PGmc *brekan- 'to break'. •
bregar vb. 'to knead; to shape (wood)', from PGmc *brekanan. Cognates: Spanish
bregar id., Portuguese
briga 'fight', English
break. Derivatives:
bregueiro 'shaped piece of wood'. •
bremar vb. 'to be eager, to long for' (18th century),
bramar 'to roar' (18th century), from PGmc *bremmanan 'to roar'. Cognates: Old French
bramer 'to scream', Italian
bramare 'to long for', OE
bremman 'to roar, to rage', MHG
brimmen 'to roar'. •
brétema sb.f. 'fog, haze, mist, drizzle' (18th century), from PGmc *breþmaz 'breath, vapour'. Cognates: NHG
brodem,
broden 'haze, mist, breath'. No other Romance cognates. Derivatives: '
bretemoso,
bretemizo' 'foggy';
bretemada,
bretemeiro 'fog'. •
britar vb. 'to break, from shatter, to labour' ('mando quod episcopus leuet cautum de illis qui illud britauerint', 12th century), from PGmc *breutanan 'to break'. Cognates: ON
brjóta 'to break', OE
breótan 'to bruise, to break', MHG
briezen 'to bud'. No Romance cognates (aside of Portuguese). Derivatives:
birta 'furrow, plot',
brita, britada 'plot',
brita 'gravel'. •
brodio sb.m. 'hodgepodge, broth' (18th century), from PGmc *bruþan 'broth'. Cognates: Spanish
bodrio, Italian
brodo, Occitan
bro. • Old Galician
broslar vb 'to border, to edge' ('elles tragiã escudos de coyros et broslados de pedras preçiosas', 14th century), from PGmc *bruzdaz 'spike, edge'. Cognates: Old Italian
brustare, Old French
brosder, Occitan
broidar. •
boiro sb.m. 'rustic man', *'house', in medieval charters
burio (toponym, where it is usually interpreted as 'hamlet'), from PGmc *būran 'house, room, dwelling'. Cognates: ON
būr 'chamber, pantry', OHG
bur 'house', Old French
buron 'hut'. •
boto adj. 'dull, blunt, snub-nosed' ('Iohannes Botus', 1251), sb.m. 'bottle-nose dolphin', maybe from Gotic
bauþs 'deaf, dumb', or from *buttaz 'blunt'. Cognates: Spanish
boto idem; French
bot. •
brigar,
bregar vb. 'to fight',
brega 'fight', from PGmc *brekanan 'to break', Cognates: Gothic
brikan 'to break', OE
brecan, OHG
brehhan idem. •
broza sb.f. 'vegetable waste, shred',
bros, brosa f. 'axe' ('dineiros que me deue por huna brosa', 1427), from PGmc *burstiz 'bristle'. Cognates: French
brosse 'brush', Occitan
brosa 'scrub, heath', ON
burst 'bristle'. Derivatives:
esbrozar 'to cut (underbrush)',
brosear 'to cut (a log)'. •
bucio sb.m. 'unit of dry volume', maybe from PGmc *būkaz 'body, trunk'. Cognates: ON
būkr 'trunk, body', OE
buc 'belly, stomach', OHG
buh 'stomach', Old French
buc 'torso, beehive', Catalan
buc 'belly, ship hull', Spanish
buque 'ship'. •
burgo sb.m. 'hillfort, (walled) town' ('et inde per pinna que dicitur Burgaria', 922), from PGmc *burgz 'castle, city'. Cognates: Goth baurgs 'castle, citadel', ON
borg 'hillock, castle, city', OE
bur 'fortified place, castle, city', OHG
burg id., Italian
borgo, French
bourg. Derivatives:
burgués 'citizen, landowner',
burgueira 'haystack'. •
canipa 'fragment of wood',
ganipo 'lock of wool',
ganipón,
ganifón 'tear', from PGmc *knīpanan 'to pinch', maybe through old French
guenipe 'rag'. Cognates: Asturian
gañipo 'rag', Dutch
knippen 'to shear'. Derivatives:
esganipar,
esganifar 'to tear, to destroy',
aganipar 'to weigh down, to trouble'. •
carpa sb.f. 'carp', from Low Latin
carpam, probably from a Germanic form. Cognates: Italian
carpione, Occitan
escarpa, Spanish
carpa. •
casta, caste sb.f. 'race' ('ata o tẽpo de casar soem séér de fria natura et casta', 1330), from a Germanic *kasts 'group of animals'. Cognates: Old English
cast, Old Nordic
kast 'group of animals'. Derivatives:
castizo 'pure, unmixed',
castizar,
encastar 'to engender, to mate'. •
cerna, cerne sb.f, m. 'heartwood', from PGmc *kernōn 'kernel, nucleus'. Cognates: Rumanian
coif, French
coiffe, Spanish
cofia. •
escá sb.f. 'unit of dry volume', from Old Galician
escáá 'bowl, vase' (local Medieval Latin
scala: 'scala argentea', 889), from PGmc *skēlō 'bowl'. Cognates: ON
skāl OS
skāla OHG
scāla 'bowl'. Related to French
écale 'shell, husk'. •
escanzán sb.m. 'servant,
cup-bearer' ('et ipsos omines qui erant scantianes de illos rex', 1058),
escanzar 'to pour' ('u foron escançadas aquestas novas', c. 1240), from PGmc *skankjanan 'to pour'. Cognates: Old French
eschancier, Spanish
escanciar, OE scencan 'to pour out', OHG skenken 'to give from drink, from pour'. Derivatives: Old Galician
escançanía 'bureau of the domestic serfs' master'. • Old Galician
escarnir vb. 'to mock' ('quantus trobadores hy son an escarnir o infançon', c. 1250), from PGmc *skernaz 'mockery'. Cognates: Italian
schernire, Old French
eschernir, Occitan
esquernir, escarnir, Spanish
escarnir, OHD
skern 'joke, farce'. Derivatives:
escarnezer 'to mock' (13th century),
escarño 'mockery' (13th century). •
escarpa sb.f. 'splinter, spike; rough bark', from PGmc *skarpaz 'sharp'. Cognates: Spanish
escarpia 'nail', Italian
scarpa 'slope', ON
skarfr 'sharp', OHG
skarpf 'sharp, rough', English
sharp. •
escarva sb.f. 'board; splicing', from PGmc *skarbaz 'board, fragment', *skerfanan 'to gnaw'. Cognates: French
écarver id, ON
skarfr 'plank, board', OE
sceorfan 'to gnaw, to bite'. •
escoto sb.m. 'fragment of wood, shoot',
escotar vb. 'to cut off an extreme' ('muito vo-la escotaron, ca lhi talharon cabo do giron', c. 1240), maybe from PGmc *skeutanan 'to shoot'. Cognates: French
écot 'stump', Occitan
escot 'splinters', Gascon
akutá 'to cut the branches of a tree', English
shoot. •
esculcar vb. 'to spy, watch',
esculca sb.m. 'watch tower, sentinel, scout' ('inter illam sculcam et Agaimi', 974), from a Germanic *skulk- 'to lurk, hide, spy'. Cognates: Norwegian
skulka 'to lurk', Swedish
skolka, Danish
skulke 'to shirk'. Derivatives:
esculcadoiro id. 'watch post' ('ad asculcadoyro de Cutios', 1100). •
escuma f. 'foam, froth' ('et tornasse escumoso o seu rrio da escuma empero que o façam as suas ondas', c. 1300), from PGmc *skūmaz 'foam'. Cognates: Norw. dial.
skum OHG
schūm 'foam'; It.
schiuma, French
écume 'foam'. Derivatives:
escumadeira 'skimmer',
escumar 'despumate',
escumallo 'froth'. •
esmorir, esmorecer vb. 'to faint, swoon' ('O genete pois remete seu alfaraz corredor: estremece e esmorece o coteife con pavor.', c. 1240), either from Latin MORI 'I die', or related to OE
smorian 'to suffocate', from PGmc *smurōn 'to suffocate'. •
esparaván adj. 'mischievous, madcap', from PGmc *sparwōn 'sparrow'. Cognates: Spanish
esparván 'sparrow-hawk'. •
espenar,
espiar vb. 'to end spinning (some wool)', from PGmc *spennanan 'to spin'. Cognates: English
spin. Derivatives:
espiallo,
espenacho 'tuft'. •
espeto sb.m.
gaspeto 'spit, skewer' ('habeo duas cupas minores, unum curugiol cum suo speto', 1263; 'filhou o espeto, en son d'esgremir', c. 1300),
espita sb.f. 'spit, nail, spike, large needle' (19th century), from PGmc *spitan 'spear, iron pole'. Cognates: Old French
espois, Spanish
espeto, Norw.
spit 'iron pole', OHG
spiz spear. Derivatives:
espetar 'to skewer, spit' ('mandou trager carne et fazer grandes espetadas della', c. 1300),
espeteira 'hanger, board with spikes for hanging things',
espetón 'sand lance, sand eel',
gaspitadura 'wound';
espitallar 'to break into pieces'. •
espía sb.f. 'spy',
espiar vb. 'to spy', probably from Occitan
espia and
espiar, from PGmc *spehōjanan 'to explore, peer'. •
esplecar,
especar vb. 'to underpin, to shore up, to prop up' (19th century), from *exprikkare, from PGmc *prikōjanan 'to prick', maybe through Old French
esprequer. Cognates: Icelandic
prika, OE
prician 'to prick'. •
espora sb.f. 'spur' (' III parelios de zapatas II parelios de sporas', 1074),
esperón sb.m 'spoor, peak, fin' ('per illud saxum et per illud Asperon', 1128), 'to PGmc *spurōn idem. Cognates: Italian
sperone, French
éperon, Spanish
espuela,
espolón, ON
spori, OE
spora, OHG
sporo. Derivatives:
espolarte (18th century) 'bottlenose dolphin'. •
esquío, esquivo adj. 'shy, aloof, unfriendly; ferocious (Old Gal.)' ('e rogarei a Deus que sabe que vivo em tal mal e tam esquivo', c. 1240), from PGmc *skeuh(w)az 'shy'. Cognates: Old French
eschiver, Occitan, Spanish
esquivar 'to shun, disdain', Italian
schifo 'disgusting', Catalan
esquiu 'shy, brittle', English
shy, German
scheu. Derivatives:
esquiv(i)ar vb. 'to avoid, elude' ('et que os esquiven et fazan esquivar en todo asi como escomuugados', 1339),
esquivamente 'secretly, elusively' ('Et gãanarõ y muy grande algo esquiuamente', 1295). •
esquina sb.f 'corner' ('Ali jazian cavando un dia triinta obreiros so esquina dua torre', c. 1264), from PGmc *skinō 'piece, shin-bone', probably through Spanish
esquina. Cognates: Occitan
esquena, Spanish
esquina id., English
shin, German
schiene. Derivatives:
esquinal 'angle'. •
estaca sb.m. 'stake, pole; cape' ('per castro de Quintanela, et per valle de Staka', 1086; 'herdade do Amenal, conmo jaz entre estacas et regos', 1315), from PGmc *stakōn 'stake, pole'. Cognates: French
estache, Occitan
estaca, OE
staca 'stake', MLG
stake 'pole', MHG
stache id. Derivatives:
estacar 'to attach, secure',
estacada 'stockade'. •
estala sb.f. 'stable; room, residence' ('et extra stallum abbatis maneant', 1206), from PGmc *staþ(u)laz 'barn, shed'. Cognates: Italian
stallo 'dwelling', ON
staðull 'milkingshed', OHG
stadal 'barn'. Derivatives: Old Galician
estaleiro 'master, supervisor' ('que o corregades a mandado do estaleyro', 1354). •
estinga or
tinga sb.f. '
stingray', from PGmc *stenganan 'to sting' ('de cada carga de tinga ou londana oyto dineyros', 1496). Cognates: ON
stinga, OE
stingan 'to sting', English
stingray. •
estricar,
estarricar vb. 'to stretch' ('Cál vai extricada co novo pandeiro!', 1746), from PGmc *strakkjanan 'to stretch'. Cognates: French
étriqué 'tight'; Norw.
strekkja 'to stretch', OHG
strecken, OE
streccan idem. •
faísca sb.f. 'ash fly, embers', from old
falisca (
Falisca, 1173), from PGmc *falwiskō(n). Cognates: Asturian
falisca 'snowflake', Old Italian
falavesca, French
flammèche, ON
folski, OHG
falawisca 'embers'. Derivatives:
faiscar 'to spark; to drizzle (fig.)'. •
falcón sb.m. 'falcon' ('tibi Adefonso meo falconario', 1189), from PGmc *falkōn idem. Cognates: Italian
falco, French
faucon, Spanish
halcon, OHG
falco. Derivatives:
falcatrua ' evil deed, treason, cheat, mischief',
falcoeiro 'falcon breeder'. •
faldra sb.f. 'skirt, folds' ('et çingeu bẽ suas vestiduras, et alçou suas faldas', 14th century), from PGmc *fald- 'fold'. Cognates: Italian
falda, Occitan
fauda, ON
feldr 'cloak', OE
fyld 'fold'. Derivatives
faldriqueira 'fob',
faldrocas 'slovenly'. •
fananco sb.m. 'marsh plant' (18th century), from PGmc *fanjan 'fen, marsh'. Related to French
fange, Occitan
fanha, ON
fen, OHG
fenni 'fen, marsh,
wet meadow'. •
fato sb.m. 'group of persons, animals or things; belongings' ('Jupiter se fezo caudillo da grey -et grey se entende aqui por ovellas ou grey de fato dellas', 14th century), from PGmc *fatan 'cloth'. Cognates: Portuguese
fato 'suit, clothes, group', ON
fat 'clothes, dress', OHG
fazza or
faz 'a bundle', cf. Swed.
fate-bur 'store-house'. Derivatives:
fatada, fatuxo 'group, set'. •
feltro sb.m. 'felt' ('liteira, uenabes, laneas et feltra, et omnem intrinsecam domorum', 995), from PGmc *feltaz 'felt'. Cognates: Italian
feltro, Occitan
feutre, Spanish
fieltro, OE
felt OHG
filz 'felt'. Derivatives:
filtrar 'to filter'. •
fouveiro adj. 'bay (horse)', from PGmc *falwaz 'fallow, yellow'. Cognates: Old Italian
falbo, French
fauve, OE
fealu 'fallow, yellow', OHG
falo 'pale, reddish yellow'. •
frasco sb.m. 'flask' (18th century), from PGmc *flaskōn. Cognates: Italian
flasca, French
flacon, Occitan
flascó, ON
flaska 'flask', OE
flaxe, OHG
flasca. •
francada sb.f. or '
francado sb.m. '
fishing gig' (18th century), from PGmc *frankōn 'lance, javelin, dart'. Cognates: Italian
fresco, French
frais, Occitan
fresc, Spanish
fresco, English
fresh, ON
ferskr, OHG
frisc id. Derivatives:
refrescar 'to freshen',
frescura 'freshness',
fresqueira 'ice box',
fresquío 'type of smell (fresh meat)'. •
fromeira sb.f. 'warehouse, deposit', from PGmc *frumīn 'usefulness', maybe through Old French
formir, Occitan
fromir 'to contribute'. Cognates: Italian
frummire, OS
frumī 'usefulness'. •
gabar vb. 'to praise, boast, brag' ('pero se muyto andava gabando', 13th century),
gabo 'conceit, boastfullness' (13th century) maybe from Old French
gaber 'to tell jokes', from Old Nordic
gabb 'mockery'. Cognates: MDutch
gabben 'to mock'. •
gaita sb.f. 'bagpipe', from PGmc *gaitz 'goat'. Cognates: Goth
gaits 'she-goat', ON
geit, OE
gát, OHG
geiz. Derivatives:
gaiteiro 'bagpiper'. •
galardón sb.m. 'reward' ('a Virgen santa dá bon gualardon aos seus que torto prenden', c. 1264), from PGmc *wiþra-launan 'counter-payment'. Cognates: Italian
guiderdone, Occitan
guierdó, Old French
gueredon, Catalan
guardó, Spanish
galardón, Old Dutch
witherlōn, OE
witherléan 'reward'. Derivatives:
galardoar 'to reward'. •
galdrapa sb.f. 'rag, tatter' Old Galician 'rich cloth' ('E prometeu-m'el ũa bõa capa, ca nom destas maas feitas de luito, mais outra bõa, feita de gualdrapa, cintada, e de nom pouco nem muito', 13th century), related to Bavarian
waltrappen 'saddle cloth'. Cognates: Spanish
gualdrapa, Italian
gualdràppa 'saddle cloth'. Derivatives:
galdrapeiro,
galdrupeiro 'crook',
galdaripo 'a crested bird'. •
ganso sb.m. 'gander' ('Johan Ganso', 1315), from PGmc *gansz 'goose'. Cognates: German
gans, English
goose. •
gañar vb. 'to gain' ('de omnia quicquid ganabi uel ganare potuero', 818), from the interference of a Gothic *ganan, from PGmc *ganōjanan 'to gape, glare > *to covet > to gain', and Old French
gaaignier 'to gain', from PGmc *waiþjanan 'to hunt, graze, catch'. Cognates: French
gagner, Italian
guadagnare, Occitan
guadanhar, Catalan
ganyar, ON
veiða 'to catch, hunt', OE
wæðan 'to hunt', OHG
weidōn 'to graze'. Derivatives:
ga(n)do 'cattle',
gadaña 'hoe, scythe'. •
gardar vb. 'to guard, watch, protect' ('unde ipsi inimici illa guardia eicierant', 936), from PGmc *wardōjanan. Cognates: Italian
guardare, French
garder, Occitan, Spanish
guardar, Catalan
gordar, ON
varða, OE
weardian 'to guard, defend', OFris
wardia 'to wait', OHG
wartēn 'to wait, peer'. Derivatives:
agardar 'to wait, to observe, to fulfil';
gardián,
garda 'watcher, warden, guard';
garda 'defence';
gardarroupa 'wardrobe' ('guardaroupa', 1326). • Old Galician
gasalian sb.m. 'companion' ('sca. Maria de Vilarino quam fecit Romanus cum suis gasalianis', 830)
gasaliana sb.f. 'wife' ('una pariter cum nostra gasaliane', 952), from PGmc *ga- 'with' and *saliz 'house, hall'. Cognates: Spanish
agasajar, Occitan
gazalha 'company', OHG
gisello 'comrade'. Derivatives:
gasalla 'shared pastures',
agasallar 'treat kindly, regale',
agasallo 'consideration, kindness, present',
gasallado 'welcome'. •
gaspallar vb. 'to break, to tear, to shred, to crumble',
gaspallo sb.m. 'fragment, straw', probably from Old French
gaspailler, from PGmc *spelþjanan 'to spoil, to waste, to destroy.'. Cognates: ON
spilla 'to spoil, to destroy', OHG
spilden 'to waste'. •
gavián sb.m. 'sparrow-hawk' ('un gavian que deo o prior', c. 1261), from PGmc *gablō 'fork'. Cognates: Spanish
gavilán idem, OGH
gabala 'fork'. •
graba sb.f. 'ditch, trench' (18th century), from PGmc *grabōn id. Cognates: Goth.
graba id, ON
graf 'hole, pit', OE
græf 'grave, trench', OHG
grab 'grave'. •
grampa sb.f. 'cramp',
garapio sb.m. 'pitchfork',
garapelo sb.m. 'sheaf, truss,
garapaldo,
grapuada 'shove', 'from PGmc *klampjanan 'to clench'. Cognates: Spanish
grampa id., Italian
grampa 'claw', French
grapon 'crooked hand', Occitan
grapin 'grapnel', ON
kreppa 'to clench'. Derivatives:
garampallo 'stick'. •
grañón adj. 'bearded', anciently sb.m. 'moustache' ('tam bem barvado, e o granhon ben feito', 1371), from a Germanic form
granō 'lock of hair, pigtail, tress' in a Latin Galician-Suevic document (acts of the
first Council of Braga, 561): 'Item placuit ut lectores in ecclesia in habitu saeculari ordinati, non psallant neque granos gentili ritu dimittant' ('Also, it was decided that those ordained as
lectores shall not sing the psalms in the church if they are dressed with secular habits, nor if they don't renounce to wear
granos after the manner of the heathen'). Cognates: ON
gron, OE
granu id., OHG
gran, id. •
grepe sb.m. 'trap for birds', from PGmc *grippōn- 'to grasp'. •
grima sb.f. 'fright, fear, horror; annoyance' (18th century), from PGmc *gremmaz 'grim'. Cognates: Occitan
grima 'sadness', Spanish, Catalan
grima 'shiver, horror', ON
grimmr 'grim, stern', OHG
grim id. Derivatives:
grimoso 'annoying, disgusting',
agrimar 'to scare'. •
griñir vb. 'to grunt, whine, whimper' (18th century), from PGmc *grīnanan 'to pout, grin, whine'. Old French
grignier, Italian
digrignare 'to bare one's teeth', Occitan
grinar 'grunt, growl', •
grova sb.f. 'gully, trough, trench' ('ex alia parte villa de grovas', 993), from PGmc *grōbō 'hole'. Cognates: Goth
groba 'dugout, hole', ON
grōf 'pit', OHG
gruoba id. •
grumar, esgrumar vb. 'to crumble, crush' (19th century), from *exkrumare, from PGmc *krumōn 'crumb, fragment'. Cognates: Old French
esgrumer, Occitan, Catalan
esgrumar idem; Icelandic
krumr 'intestines', OE
cruma 'crumb, fragment'. Derivatives:
esgrumizar idem.,
engrumar 'to assemble pieces together',
degrumar 'to crush, twist'. •
gualdra,
goldra sb.m. '
Reseda luteola' (1745), to PGmc *walþō id. Cognates: French
gaude, Spanish
gualda, ME
welde 'weld, Reseda luteola', MDu
wolde id. Derivatives:
goldra,
goldracha,
goldromada 'dirt, grime (dyewoks)',
goldrar 'to dye, tan',
goldrón 'dyer, tanner',
goldro 'dirty water'. • Old Galician
guarir, gorir vb 'to dwell, protect, cure, escape, save, to make a living' ('e ora ja mays guarido se sente', 13th century), from PGmc *warōjanan 'to ward, protect'. Cognates: Italian
guarire, French
guérir, Occitan
garir, Catalan
gorir, Spanish
guarir, ON
vara 'to beware, warn', OE
warian 'to guard', OFris
waria 'to protect'. Derivatives:
guarecer,
gorecer idem;
guarida 'lair';
garita,
gorita (from French
garite) 'sentry box';
garimento 'protection' ('por muito bem & por muyto garimento que me fezestes', 1256). • Old Galician
guarnir,
gornir vb. 'to garnish, equip, provide, protect' ('e nós de chufas guarnidos seremos', c. 1220), from PGmc *warnōjanan. Cognates: Italian
guarnire, French
garnir, Occitan, Catalan
gornir, Spanish, Portuguese
guarnecer, OHG
warnōn 'to equip, to instruct'. Derivatives:
guarnicion (
que llj passou todalas guarnições, c. 1295). •
guedella (alternative spelling
guedelha) sb.f. 'lock' ('alçouse al rrey hũa guedella et parouxillj dereyta', 1295), from PGmc *wiþjōn '
with, thong, cord', influencing Latin VITICULA 'little vine'. Cognates: Spanish
guedeja, Portuguese
gadelha. Derivatives:
guedelludo 'long-haired man'. •
gueifa sb.f.,
gueifón sb.m. 'mouldboard', from PGmc *waibjanan. Goth.
bi-waibjan 'to surround', ON
veifa 'to wave, vibrate', OE
wæfan 'to wrap up, clothe', Mu
weiven 'to be in swinging movement', OHG
zi-weiben 'to scatter', Old Italian
aggueffare 'to enclose'. •
guerra sb.f. 'war', from PGmc *werzaz 'war, confusion' ('excepto quando fuit guerra et tulerunt inde aliquid Mali reges', 1019). Cognates: Italian
guerra, French
guerre, Occitan, Spanish
guerra, MND
werre. Derivatives:
guerreiro 'warrior' ('uobis domino Guerrario de toto meo regalengo', 1162),
guerrilleiro 'guerilla warrior' (from Spanish
guerrilla),
guerrear 'to struggle'. •
gueste sb.f. 'food offered as part of the payment of a group of workers', from PGmc *westiz 'food, provisions'. Cognates: ON
vist, OE
wist, OHG
wist 'food, provisions'. •
guía sb.f. 'guide' ('per mar an estrela guia', c. 1264), probably from a Gothic *widan 'leader, guide'. Cognates: Italian
guida, Occitan
guiza, Catalan, Spanish
guia. Derivatives:
guiar 'to guide'. •
guisa sb.f. 'manner, way', to PGmc *wīsōn idem ('non sei osmar guisa nen razon', c. 1220). Cognates: Italian
guisa, French
guise, Occitan
guiza, Spanish
guisa, ON
vísa 'strophe', OE
wíse 'way, manner', OHG wīsa id. Derivatives:
guisar 'to cook, spice',
guiso 'stew'. •
helmo sb.m. 'helm' ('et scutum et lanceam et spatam et loricam et elmum et genolarias', 12th century), from PGmc *helmaz 'helmet'. Cognates: Spanish
yelmo, Italian
elmo, Old French
heaume, Goth
hilms, ON
hjálmr, OE
helm, OHG
helm id. •
ingreme adj. 'steep, difficult',
engremar vb. 'to twitch',
gramar vb. 'kneading',
esgremio adj. 'sour, rough', maybe from PGmc *gramjanan 'to anger, to provoke', *gremmaz 'grim, stern, sharp, bitter'. Cognates: Italian
gramare, Old French
engramir, Goth
gramjan 'to anger, to provoke', OHG
gremmen idem, OE grim 'sharp, bitter, fierce, grim'. •
lapear,
galapear vb. 'to lick, slurp' (18th century), from PGmc *lapjanan 'to lick'. or alternatively, from a common onomatopoeic origin. Cognates: French
laper, Catalan
llepar, Icel.
lepjan 'to lick', OHG
gilepphen 'to ladle, to scoop', Swed. dialectal
glapa 'to gulp down'. Derivatives:
lapo 'spittle',
lapa-caldos lapón 'glutton',
gulapo 'gulp'. •
lata sb.f. 'board, plank; tin' ('deuedes a poer en forca et en latas toda a dita vinna', 1331), either from PGmc *laþþ- 'plank', or from Celtic. Cognates: Fr.
latte, Occ. Sp.
lata, Italian
latta, OHG
latta. Derivatives:
latizo 'rod',
latado 'plank floor', •
látego sb.m. 'whip', from PGmc *laidō 'way' e *teuhanan 'to bring, to guide'. Cognates: Spanish
látigo, OE
láttéh 'leading-rein'. •
laverca sb.f. 'lark > smart; chatty' ('et inde ad uilar que dicent lauercos', 1059), from PGmc *laiwazikōn. Cognates OSwed
loerikia, ON
lævirki, OE
lāwerce, NFris
lask, OS
lewerka, OHG
lerihha 'lark'. This word has no cognates in other Romance languages (except for Portuguese). •
leme sb.m. 'rudder' (18th century), from PGmc *liman 'limb, branch'. Cognates: ON
lim 'foliage, branch', OE
lim 'member, limb, branch'. •
lista sb.f. 'strip, list' ('hũ pano moy bõo et moy preçado, a listas d'ouro muy fremosas', 14th century), from PGmc *līstōn 'ledge'. Cognates: Ital.
listr(r)a, Occitan, Spanish
lista, ON
lista 'edge', OE
líste 'list, hem, border', OHG
lìsta 'edge'. Derivatives:
listón 'lath',
alistar 'to lay out, from put on a list'. •
lobio sb.m. 'vine bower' ('in alio loco super casa de Bellendo illo lovio cum sua vinea', 10th century), from PGmc *lauban 'foliage'. Cognates: Lombard
lobia, French
loge, Occitan
laupia, 'bower, pergola'. •
louzán adj. 'fresh, vigorous' ('ego Petrus Lauciano', 1190), maybe from Gothic
flauts 'boastful'. Coganates: Spanish
lozano, Pt..
loução. •
luvas sb.f. 'gloves' ('et accepimus pro inde roboracione unas luvas', 1183), from PGmc *glofōn id. Cognates: Spanish
lúa, ON
glōfi, OE
glōf id. Derivatives:
deluvar 'to peel, to rub'. •
maga f. 'guts, insides (of fish)' ('non debent facere sagimen nisi de capitibus et de maga sardinarum', 1231), from PGmc *magōn. Cognates: Old Italian
magone 'goitre', French
mague 'stomach', ON
magi, OE
maga, OHG
mago 'stomach'. Derivatives:
magueiro 'press for the production of fish oil' ('magueyro', 1496);
esmagar,
amagar 'to crush, to squash'. • Old Galician
malado/a sb.m/f. 'servant' ('direxerunt ad regem ad Legionem suo mallato Bera', 934), maybe from PGmc *maþlan 'marker-place, assembly', *maþlōn 'female acquaintance'. •
marca sb.f. 'half-pound of silver' ('et accipio de gazofilatio beate Marie marcas argenti Cm', 1112), from PGmc *markō id. Cognatos: •
marco sb.m. 'mark, landmark, boundary stone' ('per alium carralem antiquum et inde per marcos et signales', 818), from PGmc *markan 'mark, landmark', *markō 'boundary'. Cognates: Italian
marco 'character', French
marche 'boundary', ON
mark 'mark, landmark', OHG
marc id. Derivatives:
marcar 'to mark out; to mark' ('sicut est marcata per suos terminos', 958),
demarcar 'to mark out, demarcate' ('sicuti iam designavimus et demarcavimus', 936),
comarca 'region, shire' ('é Patriarcha daquela terra e á en pode-la comarca', 13th century). •
marrar 'to fail, err; to lack' ('Et Rrulan meteu mão an espada, et en coydandoo de matar, marroo, et doulle ẽno caualo et partio por meo', 1390), from PGmc *marzjanan 'to hinder'. Cognates: French
marrir 'grieve', Catalan
marrar 'to fail, to get lost', Goth.
marzjan 'to anger', OE
mierran 'to hinder', OHG
merren id. Derivatives:
marra 'lack, shortage'. •
marta sb.f. 'marten' ('e da pelica da marta, hua branca, et da lontra, dous diñeiros', 1439), from PGmc *marþuz id. Cognates: Occitan
mart 'marten', OE
meard id., MHG
mart id. •
meixengra sb.f 'tit' ('casali de meygengos', 1272), from Germanic *maisingaz 'titmouse'. Cognates: French
mesange, Old Occitan
mezanga, Old Nordic
meisingr. Derivatives:
meixengro (or
meijengro) 'astute, smart'. •
mouta sb.f. 'bushes, haystack', maybe from PGmc *maþwō 'meadow'. Derivatives:
mouteira idem. •
nafro sb.m.,
nafres sb.f.p. 'nose, mouth' (19th century), maybe from PGmc *nabjan 'beac, nose'. Cognates: ON
nef, OE
nebb idem, Occitan
nefa 'beak', French
nèfe. Derivatives:
nafrado,
nafrudo 'having large snout/muzzle',
nafrán 'ugly',
(es)nafrar vb. 'to hurt one's nose',
nifrón 'whiner'. •
ornear vb. 'to bray, neigh' (18th century), from PGmc *hurnjanan 'to blow a horn'. • Old Galician
osa sb.f. 'boot, legwear' ('osas factas de duos solidos', 860), from PGmc *husōn 'trousers'. Cognates: Italian
hosa, Old French
huese, Occitan
oza, Old Spanish
huesa, ON, OHG
hosa 'hose, gaiter', OE
hose id. •
ouva sb.f. 'elf, imp, spirit' (19th century), from PGmc *albaz 'elf'. Cognates: English
elf, ON
alfr, OHG
alb. •
pino sb.m. 'pole; peak, slope', from PGmc *pennō 'pin, nail, tip'. Cognates: ON
pinni 'pin', OE
pinn id., OHG
pfin 'nail'. ) •
pouta sb.f. 'paw' (18th century), from a possibly Germanic *pautō 'paw'. Cognates: Catalan
pota, French
poue, Occitan
pauta, M.Dutch
poot, German
Pfote. Derivatives:
poutega (Cytinus hypocistis),
poutada,
poutas de zorro,
pouta loba,
poutear •
rafar vb. 'to wear away, to rub',
rafa sb.f.
ranfón sb.m. 'scrape, crumb, fragment', from PGmc *hrappjanan 'to rip, snatch', maybe through Old French
raffer. Cognates: Italian
raffare 'to rob', OHG
raffen 'to snatch'. •
rampelo/a adj 'thin, small, ugly',
rampelada sb.f. 'handful of grass', from PGmc *hrampaz 'thin, contracted'. Cognates: Italian
rampa 'claw', Occitan
rampa 'cramp', French
rampe 'ramp', Norwegian (dial.)
ramp 'thin man', MLG
ramp 'cramp'. •
rapar vb. 'to rasp, shave, crop' ('et medium de Pedro Rapado', 1144), from PGmc *hrappjanan 'to rip, snatch'. Cognates: Italian
arrappare 'to tear', Occitan 'to tear, clamber', ON
hreppa 'to catch, from obtain', OE
hreppan 'to touch, from treat'. Derivatives:
rapada 'handful of grain' ('rapada de trigo', c. 1261),
rapa,
rapón 'scraper',
rapante 'fourspotted megrim',
rapote 'cake made of scrapped dough' ('Gonçaluo Rapote', 1334). •
raspar vb. 'to scrape together' ('Pedro Raspallo', 14th century), from a Germanic *hresp- 'to plunder'. Cognates: Italian
raspare, French
râper, Occitan
raspar, OE
gehresp 'pillage', OHG
giresp 'robbery'. Derivatives:
raspa,
raspón,
raspeta, 'lime, scrapper',
raspallo 'rest of something' ('Pedro Raspallo',1340),
raspalleiro 'thieve, miserable person',
raspiar 'to rub',
raspizo 'European plaice'. •
rico adj 'rich, powerful' ('sicut ea ab antiquo percipere consueverunt de ricos et maiordomos', 1200), from PGmc *rīkjaz 'mighty, powerful'. Cognates: Italian
ricco, French
riche, Occitan
ric, Goth
reikeis 'noble', ON
ríkr 'mighty, powerful'. Derivatives:
riqueza 'wealth' ('pola gran requeza que eno logar avia', 13th century),
enriquecer 'to enrich, prosper',
ricome 'nobleman, count' ('ricus homo', 1192; 'ricome', 1214). •
rima,
rimeiro sb.m. 'ordered pile of firewood', and
(a)garimar 'to bring next to, lean, join; to caress' ('agarimou o moço a feixes que estavan feitos d'espigas', 13th century), from PGmc *rīman 'row, number, computation', Cognates: OHG
rīm 'row, number',
girīman 'count, add', OE
gerīm id. Derivatives:
agarimo 'shelter'. •
ripa sb.f. 'rafter, batten' ('de cabros t de ripa t de tella', 1317), from PGmc *rebjan 'rib': ON
rif 'rib', OE
ribb, OHG
ribbi id. Derivatives:
ripar 'to cover with batten a frame'. •
ripar vb. 'to rake, to scratch off, to scrape off, thresh' (19th century), from a Germanic *rippen 'to rub, scrape'. Cognates: French
riper 'to scratch', OHG
rippeln 'faire passer le lin dans un peigne de fer qui sépare la graine des tiges', Dutch
ripf 'scraper'. Derivatives:
arripar,
arripazar, idem;
ripo ripón ripanzo,
ripadeira 'comb for scratching the seeds off the flax';
arripio bravo '
common madder'. •
rispar vb. 'to rub, to snatch; to sneak off', from PGmc *hrespan 'to pull, to plunder'. Cognates: Spanish
roano 'id', ON
rauði 'red metal', OHG
rōto 'red trout'. •
roca sb.f. 'distaff', from PGmc *rukkōn id. Cognates: Italian
rocca, Spanish
rueca, ON
rokkr, OHG
roc id. •
roubar vb. 'to steal, to rob' ('et raubaui uestras greges', 1133), from PGmc *raubōjanan 'to rob'. Cognates: Italian
rubare, Occitan
raubar, Spanish
robar, Goth
biraubon, ON
raufa, OE
réafian, OHG
roubōn id. Derivatives:
roubo 'robbery'. •
roupa sb.f. 'clothes' ('et de raupa Ia manto zingave et una pelle', 1074), from PGmc *raupjanan 'to pluck, from spoil'. Cognates: Spanish
ropa 'clothes', Goth
raupjan 'to pluck', OE
rīpan 'to spoil, from plunder'. Derivatives:
arroupar,
enroupar 'to cover, to dress',
desenroupar,
desarroupar 'to undress, to uncover',
roupeiro 'wardrobe',
gardarroupa 'wardrobe' (
guardaroupa, 1326),
poucarroupa 'miserable man'. •
sa sb.f. 'common generation, common origin' ('aliam villam quam dicunt Sala', 916), maybe from PGmc *salaz 'hall, dwelling'. Cognates: French
salle, ON
salr, OE
sele, OHG
sal 'house, hall'. • Old Galician
sayon sb.m. 'official' ('Vicentius, sagio regis, ts.', 844), from Gothic
sagio 'official'. Cognates: Spanish
sayon. •
sopa sb.f. 'soup, sop, bread soaked in broth, milk or wine; wedge' ('soparia exaurata; copas exauratas cum copertoriis II', 942), from PGmc *suppōn, or *sūpō 'soup'. Cognates: Italian
zuppa, Old French
soupe, Occitan, Spanish
sopa, ON
soppa 'sop',
supa 'soup', OE 'soppe'. Derivatives:
sopeira 'pot',
ensopar 'to soak'. •
souria sb.f. 'dry wind',
resouro sb.m. 'sun-burnt',
chourizo sb.m. 'chorizo, cured sausage' ('faz bon souriç'e lava ben transsido', 13th century), from PGmc *sauzjanan 'to make dry'. Cognates: French
harenc saur 'dry herring', Occitan
saur 'light brown', OE
seár 'dry, barren', Norwegian
søyra 'to make dry'. •
tapa, tampa sb.f. 'lid, cap, cover' (c. 1240), from PGmc *tappōn 'tap'. Cognates: Spanish
tapa 'lid',
tapón 'plug', Italian
tappo, French
tapon, ON
tappi 'tap', OE
tæppa, OHG
zapfo id. Derivatives:
tapón tapo tampo tapullo 'plug, lid' ('Vaamos catar a Cuba e tiremo-ll'o tapon', 1264);
tapar atapanar tamponar 'to cover, close, put the lid on; to weave' ('ca che tapo eu d'aquesta minha boca a ta boca, Marinha', c.1240);
destapar 'to uncover, open, uncork';
tapada 'fenced property' ('a mina cortina conmo esta chousa et tapada', 1333);
tapaxe 'fence';
tapadeira 'cover';
tapume 'warp'. •
targa sb.f. 'wooden ring used as fastener, buckle', from PGmc *targōn 'rim, edge, shield'. Cognates: French
targe ( > Galician
tarxeta), Occitan
targa, ON
targa 'target, a small round shield', OE
targe 'small shield', OHG
zarga 'framing'. •
tasca sb.f. 'hand net', from PGmc *taskōn 'bag'. Cognates: Italian
tasca, Old Frech
tasche, Occitan
tasca, ON
taska 'trunk, chest, pouch, pocket', MLG
tasche 'bag'. •
tascar vb. 'to beat flax, crack, shatter, rub', from PGmc *taskōn 'to snatch'. Cognates: Spanish
tascar idem, OHG zascōn 'to tear'. •
teixo,
teixón,
teixugo,
porco-teixo sb.m. '
badger' ('per medium valle de Linare Monte, et inde a Texunarias, et inde ad Alvarina', 1104), to PGmc *þaxsuz 'badger'. Cognates: Italian
tasso, Old French
taisson, Spanish
tejon, tasugo, Norwegian
svin-toks 'badger', OHG
dahs id. Derivatives:
teixugueira 'badger's sett'. •
teta sb.f. 'tit ('e as tetas pendoradas e mui grandes', c. 1240), either an expressive word, or from Germanic *tittō(n) idem. Cognates: Italian
tetta, French
tette, Spanish, Occitan
teta, Norwegian dial.
titta, OE
titt, MHG
zitze. Derivatives:
tetelo 'beak'. •
toldo sb.m. 'awning, cloth', from PGmc *teldan, maybe through French
taud. Cognates: ON
tjald 'tent, hangings', OE
teld, OHG
zelt id. Derivatives:
atoldar 'to shade'. •
tormelo sb.m. 'sty, swelling, lump, heap', either from PGmc *þrumilaz, *þrumōn 'piece', or to another, pre-Latin, IE language. Cognates: French
trumeau 'leg, trousers, window pillar', Spanish
tormo 'rock', ON
þrymill 'hard knot in the flesh', OHG
drum 'end-piece, remnant, splinter'. •
tosquiar vb. 'to shave, to shear' ('Vi coteifes orpelados estar mui mal espantados, e genetes trosquiados corrian-nos arredor', 13th century), from a composite of Latin TONDERE and PGmc *skeranan 'to cut, to shear', Cognates: Spanish
esquilar,
trasquilar, Aragonese
esquirar, ON
skera 'to cut', OE
sceran 'to cut, to shear', OHG
skeran. •
trapa,
trampa sb.f. 'trap, snare, trapdoor' ('in loco qui dicitur Trapela', 1246), to PGmc *trapp- 'to stomp, tread'. Cognates: French
trappe, Occitan
trapa, Spanish
trampa, Norw dial.
trappa 'to stomp', MLG
trappen id, OE
treppan 'to tread'. Derivatives:
trapela,
trapicela 'trap, snare, trapdoor, little door';
trapexar,
trapiñar 'to stamp, to kick out';
atrapar 'to trap';
trapallada 'trick, fraud, nonsense';
atrapallar trapazar 'to embroil, confuse';
trampulleiro,
trapalleiro,
trapaceiro,
trapazas,
trampón 'liar, crook'. •
tregua sb.f. 'truce' ('in presencia episcopi uel uillici et clericorum treugas petierit', 1161; 'cum eis treguas vel pacem habuerit et eis guerram non fecerit', 1183), from PGmc *trewwō 'agreement'. Cognates: Italian, Spanish, Occitan
tregua, French
trève, Gothic
triggwa 'covenant, testament', OE
tréow 'truth, faith', OHG
triuwa. • Old Galician
trigar vb. 'to hurry, rush, hasten' ('come moller non faças maa que se triga a ffazer mal ssa fazenda', 13th century) to PGmc *þrenxwanan 'to press, to throng'. Cognates: Gothic
þreihan 'to press, to throng', OHG
dringan 'to press, to drive'. Derivatives
trigança 'promptness',
trigoso 'swift'. •
tripar,
trepar,
trepexar vb. 'to tread, stomp; climb', from PGmc *trappjanan idem. Cognates: French
treper, Occitan, Spanish
trepar, OE
treppan 'to tread'. Derivatives:
tripadela,
tripadura 'step, stamp on the foot';
trepexo 'restless'. •
triscar vb. 'to thresh, thrash, tread, bite' ('ou se me fano, ou se m'en trescar', c. 1240), to PGmc *þreskanan idem. Cognates: Italian
trescare, Old French
treschier, Occitan
trescar 'to dance', Spanish
triscar 'trample', Gothic
þriskan 'to thresh', OE
ðerscan 'to strike', OHG dreskan id. Derivatives:
trisca/o 'splinter'. • Old Galician
trocir vb. 'to swallow; to cross' ('ja non podía nen sól trocir tres bocados', c. 1270), from PGmc *þrukkjanan 'to press'. Cognates: German
traufe 'eaves'. •
trouso sb.m. 'snowdrift',
trousar vb. 'to vomit', from PGmc *drausjanan 'to throw down' and *drauzaz 'gore, blood'. Cognates: OHG
bar 'son, man'; Pt.
varão, Sp.
varón 'man'; Fr.
baron, Ital.
barone, Occ. Cat.
baró 'nobleman'. Derivatives:
varudo 'manly, robust', •
xab(r)ón sb.m. 'soap' ('et despois hu[n]tar aquel paao con sabon mourisco, et metello lleuemente dentro', c. 1420), from PGmc *saip(j)ō(n) 'resin, soap'. Cognates: Rumanian
sâpun, Italian
sapone, French
savon, Occitan
sabó, Spanish
jabon, Portuguese
sabão, OE
sápe 'soap',
sáp 'amber, resin', OHG
seifa id. Derivatives:
herba xaboeira '
Saponaria officinalis L.',
enxaboar 'to soap'. == Other Germanic words incorporated during the Middle Ages ==