China Chinese nationalism (中国民族主义 or 中华民族主义) in the
People's Republic of China (PRC) is based on the concept of
Zhonghua minzu (中华民族, lit: "Chinese
folk").
Zhonghua minzu is translated as "Chinese nation", "Chinese people", "Chinese ethnicity" and "Chinese race". Some academics have referred to Chinese nationalism as "racial nationalism". Some academics state that the term
Zhonghua minzu is intended to justify the
Han-based
assimilationist policy.
Germany Italy Japan is related to
minzoku (民族), the Japanese word that translates to "
people", "
ethnic group", and "
nation".
Minzoku does not originally mean "
race" in the general sense, and
jinshu (人種) means "race", but some
Japanese nationalists also use
minzoku in a closer sense to "race";
Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" or "one
minzoku". Prominent Japanese politicians have often kindled controversies by invoking the images of Japanese
racial superiority.
Korea Korean racial nationalism is related to the concept of
minjok, which variously translates as "nation", "ethnicity" or "race" in the English-speaking world. In the 20th century, racial nationalist sentiment was shared on all
political spectrums in
South Korea, including not just
right-wing dictatorships, but liberals and leftists who resisted it. When the references to
minjok were removed from South Korea's
Pledge of Allegiance in 2007, it is opposed by some
left-wing nationalists who wished for
Korean reunification. According to
Brian Reynolds Myers in 2010, racial nationalism in
North Korea is the main ideology of maintaining the system. In 2023, however, North Korean leader
Kim Jong Un officially declared that North Korea was abandoning reunification as a goal. In January 2024, he said that "independence, peace, and solidarity on the basis of minjok [must] henceforth be erased from the [North Korean] constitution", adding that "the very concepts of unification, reconciliation, and a shared [Korean] minjok must be eliminated". Many modern
Korean nationalists deny the connection to "race" by limiting the meaning of
minjok to the meanings of "nation", "people" and "
ethnic group", because
minjok (민족, lit: "folk") and
injong (인종, lit: race) are distinct concepts in
Korean language. However, Myers argues
minjok as meaning of "race" because "Korean
minjok" (한민족 or 조선민족) is defined by 'pure Korean blood'. According to the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ethnicity-based nationalism has been decreasing among younger generations of South Koreans, who have taken more in pride from the country's democratic system, technological innovation, and cultural soft power.
Peru ==See also==