Range extender

The key function of the range extender is to increase the vehicle's range. Range autonomy is one of the main barriers for the commercial success of electric vehicles, and extending the vehicle's range when the battery is depleted helps alleviate range anxiety. A range extender can also reduce the consumption of the range-extending fuel (such as gasoline) by using the primary fuel (such as battery power), while still maintaining the driving range of a single-fuel vehicle powered by a fuel such as gasoline. The range-extending fuel is generally considered to be less environmentally and economically friendly to use than the primary fuel source, so the vehicle control system gives preference to using the primary fuel if it's available. However, due to range limitations with the primary fuel source, the range extender allows the vehicle to get many of the cost and environmental benefits of the primary fuel, while maintaining the full driving range of the range extending fuel source. That said, the benefits (cost, carbon emissions) derived from using a vehicle with a range extender ultimately depend on how the vehicle is driven, and in particular how often the range extender is used. As an example, cars such as the BMW i3 with optional range extender and the Chevrolet Volt are equipped with sufficiently large batteries to drive , which is enough for many trips but not sufficient to drive long distances. As such, the driver may use battery power for commuting and daily driving, but still be able to drive from New York to Boston (about ) by using the auxiliary gasoline internal combustion engine, without stopping frequently to charge the battery (which can take hours). The vehicle owner therefore accrues the benefits of using cheaper and less carbon-intensive electric power for most driving, while maintaining the ability to embark on longer trips with the same vehicle. When a range extender uses conventional fuels they can re-fuel at regular fuel stations, which provides them with a similar driving range to conventional automobiles. As a range-extended electric vehicle is only propelled by the electric motor it can do away with the weight and cost associated with the gearbox transmission system typically used in internal combustion engine cars. Further, as the range extender does not need to increase or decrease output in line with the power needs of the vehicle (this task is handled by the electric motor) the range extender can be sized to satisfy the vehicle's average power requirement rather than its peak power requirement (such as when accelerating). The range extender can also operate much closer to its most efficient rotational speed. These design features allow range-extended electric vehicles to convert fossil fuel energy to electric power and vehicle motion relatively efficiently. The combustion engine may also have a longer lifespan, as it does not need to run at high rpm (which causes increased wear and tear). ==Generations==

• The first generation range extenders are off the shelf internal combustion engines. • The second generation consists of piston engines with new designs from scratch for fairly constant load in series hybrids. They include the wankel engines, rotary combustion engines and free piston engines. • The third generation are micro turbines and fuel cells that work at constant load. ==Regulations==

North America CARB regulation According to 2012 Amendments to the Zero Emission Vehicle Regulations adopted in March 2012 by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), a range-extended battery-electric vehicle, designated as BEVx, should comply, among others, with the following criteria: ==Applications==

Range extenders are commonly used in marine (autonomous underwater vehicle), aircraft and Generator/Utility, automotive and hybrid electric vehicle applications. Automotive Chevrolet Volt is a series plug-in hybrid referred by General Motors as "an electric car with extended range." General Motors describes the Chevrolet Volt as an electric vehicle equipped with a 16 kWh battery plus a "range extending" gasoline powered internal combustion engine (ICE) as a genset and therefore dubbed the Volt an "Extended Range Electric Vehicle" or E-REV. In a January 2011 interview, the Chevy Volt's Global Chief Engineer, Pamela Fletcher, referred to the Volt as "an electric car with extended range." The Volt operates as a purely electric car for the first in charge-depleting mode. When the battery capacity drops below a pre-established threshold from full charge, the vehicle enters charge-sustaining mode, and the Volt's control system will select the most optimally efficient drive mode to improve performance and boost high-speed efficiency. According to General Motors' real time tally of the distance driven by Volt owners in North America, by mid-June 2014 they had accumulated more than . GM also reported that Volt owners driving is more than 63% in all-electric mode. Volt owners who charge regularly typically drive more than between fill-ups and visit the gasoline station less than once a month. A similar report, issued by GM in August 2016, reported that Volt owners have accumulated almost driven in EV mode, representing 60% of their total distance traveled. BMW i3 , which allows the car to qualify as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) according to the California Air Resources Board regulations. The BMW i3 all-electric car with at least 22 kWh battery capacity offers an optional gasoline-powered range extender APU. The range extender is the same 647 cc two-cylinder gasoline engine used in the BMW C650 GT scooter with a fuel tank. The US model originally had its tank electronically limited to a smaller 7 L capacity. The range extender engages when the battery level drops to 6%. It generates electricity to extend the range from to Performance in range-extending mode may be more limited than when it is running on battery power, as BMW designed the range extender as a backup to enable reaching a recharging location. According to BMW, at the beginning of the i3 release, the use of range-extender was much more than the carmaker expected, more than 60%. Over time it has decreased significantly, with some people almost never using it, and by 2016 it is being regularly used in fewer than 5% of i3s. The range-extender option costs an additional in the United States, an additional (~ ) in France, and (~ ) in the Netherlands. The range-extender option of the BMW i3 was designed to meet the CARB regulation for an auxiliary power unit (APU) called REx. According to rules CARB adopted in March 2012, the 2014 BMW i3 with a REx unit fitted will be the first car to qualify as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle or "BEVx." CARB describes this type of electric vehicle as "a relatively high-electric range battery-electric vehicle (BEV) to which an APU is added." The APU, which maintains battery charge at about 6% after the pack has been depleted in normal use, is strictly limited in the additional range it can provide. Other examples is an extended-range electric vehicle. Other range-extended electric vehicles include the discontinued Cadillac ELR and the discontinued Fisker Karma. In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact range extender car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use a new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz concept crossover showcased at the 2015 Frankfurt Auto Show. The technology, without the plug-in ability, had been deployed to the Nissan Note e-Power and Nissan Kicks e-Power. The LEVC TX London taxi was launched in 2017 and features a 33 kWh battery that is charged by a 1.5-litre gasoline engine. The Li Auto One is a large SUV which combines a 41-kWh battery with a small 1.2-litre gasoline engine. This approach has also been used for heavy vehicles, such as Wrightbus's Gemini 2 and New Routemaster buses. Hydrogen fuel cells have also been used as a range extender for battery electric buses, allowing them to have greater range. For example, the Mercedes-Benz eCitaro has a range of as a battery electric model, with the eCitaro fuel cell bus having a range of thanks to a 60kW Toyota fuel cell that recharges the battery. Ford has patents for a bed mounted gasoline-powered generator for their fully electric pickups. Rivian has patents for bed mounted additional batteries for increased range. Rivian electric trucks can charge each other for extended range. Heavy rail Ship Unmanned aerial vehicles The 2010 Wolverine 3 program included an ICE range extender for its unmanned aerial vehicle. ==Powertrain==

An extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) uses a series hybrid drivetrain. , a EREV is almost always also a PHEV, but a PHEV is almost never a EREV. Just like (F)HEV, PHEV can be series hybrid only, parallel hybrid only or both at the same time (series-parallel hybrid). ==See also==