Family and origins Ranulf le Meschin's father and mother represented two different families of
viscounts in
Normandy, and both of them were strongly tied to
Henry, son of
William the Conqueror. His father was
Ranulf de Bessin, and likely for this reason the former Ranulf was styled
le Meschin, "the younger". Ranulf's father was viscount of the
Bessin, the area around
Bayeux. Besides
Odo,
bishop of Bayeux, Ranulf the elder was the most powerful magnate in the Bessin region of Normandy. Ranulf le Meschin's great-grandmother may even have been from the
ducal family of Normandy, as le Meschin's paternal great-grandfather viscount Anschitil is known to have married a daughter of
Duke Richard III. Ranulf le Meschin's mother, Margaret, was the daughter of
Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches. while Richard himself became viscount of the
Avranchin in either 1055 or 1056. Her brother (Richard Goz's son) was
Hugh d'Avranches "Lupus" ("the Wolf"), Viscount of the Avranchin and Earl of Chester (from c. 1070). Ranulf was thus, in addition to being heir to the Bessin, the nephew of one of Norman England's most powerful and prestigious families. An entry in the
Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, indicates that Ranulf le Meschin had an older brother named Richard (who died in youth), and a younger brother named
William. He had a sister called Agnes, who later married Robert de Grandmesnil (died 1136). and argued that the homeland of the two Ranulfs had been under Henry's overlordship since 1088, despite both ducal and royal authority lying with Henry's two brothers. Hollister further suggested that Ranulf le Meschin may have had a role in persuading Robert Curthose to free Henry from captivity in 1089. The date of Ranulf senior's death, and succession of Ranulf junior, is unclear, but the former's last and the latter's earliest appearance in extant historical records coincides, dating to 24 April 1089 in charter of
Robert Curthose,
Duke of Normandy, to
Bayeux Cathedral. Ranulf le Meschin appears as "Ranulf son of Ranulf the viscount". His attestation to this grant is written
Signum Ranulfi nepotis comitis, "signature of Ranulf nephew of the earl". However, the editor of the Chester comital charters,
Geoffrey Barraclough, thought this charter was forged in the period of Earl
Ranulf II. Between 1098 and 1101 (probably in 1098) Ranulf became a major English landowner in his own right when he became the third husband of
Lucy, heiress of the honour of Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire. This acquisition also brought him the lordship of
Appleby in
Westmorland, previously held by Lucy's second husband
Ivo Taillebois. Ranulf was however not recorded often at the court of Henry I, and did not form part of the king's closest group of administrative advisers. He witnessed charters only occasionally, though this became more frequent after he became earl. In 1106 he is found serving as one of several justiciars at
York hearing a case about the lordship of
Ripon. In 1116 he is recorded in a similar context. A letter to the men of Lincolnshire names Ranulf as one of four figures entrusted with collecting these oaths. Ranulf was one of the magnates who accompanied King Henry on his invasion of Duke Robert's Norman territory in 1106. Ranulf served under Henry as an officer of the royal household when the latter was on campaign; Ranulf was in fact one of his three commanders at the
Battle of Tinchebrai. The first line of Henry's force was led by Ranulf, the second (with the king) by
Robert of Meulan, and third by
William de Warrene, with another thousand knights from Brittany and Maine led by
Helias, Count of Maine. Ranulf's line consisted of the men of Bayeux, Avranches and Coutances.
Lord of Cumberland , founded by Ranulf c. 1106. A charter issued in 1124 by
David I,
King of the Scots, to
Robert I de Brus cited Ranulf's lordship of Carlisle and Cumberland as a model for Robert's new lordship in
Annandale. This is significant because Robert is known from other sources to have acted with semi-regal authority in this region. Ranulf possessed the power and in some respects the dignity of a semi-independent earl in the region, though he lacked the formal status of being called such. A contemporary illustration of this authority comes from the records of
Wetheral Priory, where Ranulf is found addressing his own sheriff, "Richer" (probably Richard de Boivill, baron of
Kirklinton). No royal activity occurred in Cumberland or Westmorland during Ranulf's time in charge there, testimony to the fullness of his powers in the region. Ivo Taillebois, when he married Ranulf's future wife Lucy, had acquired her Lincolnshire lands but sometime after 1086 he acquired estates in
Kendal and elsewhere in
Westmorland. Adjacent lands in Westmorland and
Lancashire that had previously been controlled by Earl
Tostig Godwinson were probably carved up between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo in the 1080s, a territorial division at least partially responsible for the later boundary between the two counties. Norman lordship in the heartland of Cumberland can be dated from chronicle sources to around 1092, the year King
William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler,
Dolfin. There is inconclusive evidence that settlers from Ivo's Lincolnshire lands had come into Cumberland as a result. Between 1094 and 1098 Lucy was married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare, and it is probable that this marriage was the king's way of transferring authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold. Only from 1106 however, well into the reign of
Henry I, do we have certain evidence that this authority had come to Ranulf. Another historian,
Richard Sharpe, has recently attacked this view and argued that it probably came in or soon after 1098. Sharpe stressed that Lucy was the mechanism by which this authority changed hands, and pointed out that Ranulf had been married to Lucy years before Tinchebrai and can be found months before Tinchebrai taking evidence from county jurors at York (which may have been responsible for Cumbria at this point). Ranulf likewise distributed land to the church, founding a
Benedictine monastic house at
Wetheral. This he established as a daughter-house of
St Mary's Abbey, York, a house that in turn had been generously endowed by Ivo Taillebois. In later times at least, the priory of Wetheral was dedicated to
St Mary and the
Holy Trinity, as well as another saint named Constantine. Ranulf gave Wetheral, among other things, his two churches at Appleby, St Lawrences (Burgate) and St Michaels (Bongate). As an incoming regional magnate, Ranulf would be expected to distribute land to his own followers, and indeed the record of the jurors of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that Ranulf created two baronies in the region. Ranulf's brother-in-law Robert de Trevers received the barony of
Burgh-by-Sands, while the barony of
Liddel went to Turgis Brandos. Kirklinton may have been given to Richard de Boivill, Ranulf's sheriff. Perhaps because of his recognised military ability and social strength, because he was loyal and because he was the closest male relation to Earl Richard, Henry recognized Ranulf as Richard's successor to the county of Chester. In 1123, Henry sent Ranulf to Normandy with his bastard son,
Robert, Earl of Gloucester and a large number of knights to strengthen the garrisons there. Ranulf commanded the king's garrison at
Évreux and governed the county of Évreux during the 1123-1124 war with
William Clito, Robert Curthose's son and heir. In March 1124 Ranulf assisted in the capture of
Waleran, Count of Meulan. Scouts informed Ranulf that Waleran's forces were planning an expedition to
Vatteville, and Ranulf planned to intercept them, a plan carried out by Henry de Pommeroy, Odo Borleng and William de Pont-Authou, with 300 knights. A battle followed, perhaps at Rougemontier (or Bourgthéroulde), in which Waleran was captured. Although Ranulf bore the title "earl of Chester", the honour (
i.e., group of estates) which formed the holdings of the earl of Chester were scattered throughout England, and during the rule of his predecessors included the
cantref of
Tegeingl in
Perfeddwlad in north-eastern Wales. Around 1100, only a quarter of the value of the honour actually lay in Cheshire, which was one of England's poorest and least developed counties. The estates elsewhere were probably given to the earls in compensation for Cheshire's poverty, in order to strengthen its vulnerable position on the Anglo-Welsh border. The possibility of conquest and booty in Wales should have supplemented the lordship's wealth and attractiveness, but for much of Henry's reign the English king tried to keep the neighbouring Welsh princes under his peace. Ranulf's accession may have involved him giving up many of his other lands, including much of his wife's Lincolnshire lands as well as his lands in Cumbria, though direct evidence for this beyond convenient timing is lacking. That Cumberland was given up at this point is likely, as King Henry visited Carlisle in December 1122, where, according to the
Historia Regum, he ordered the strengthening of the castle. Hollister believed that Ranulf offered the Bolingbroke lands to Henry in exchange for Henry's bestowal of the earldom. Sharpe, however, suggested that Ranulf may have had to sell a great deal of land in order to pay the king for the county of Chester, though it could not have covered the whole fee, as Ranulf's son
Ranulf de Gernon, when he succeeded his father to Chester in 1129, owed the king £1000 "from his father's debt for the land of Earl Hugh". Hollister thought this debt was merely the normal
feudal relief expected to be paid on a large honour, and suggested that Ranulf's partial non-payment, or Henry's forgiveness for non-payment, was a form of royal patronage. Ranulf died in January 1129, and was buried in Chester Abbey. ==References==