MarketRavenous (1999 film)
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Ravenous (1999 film)

Ravenous is a 1999 black comedy horror film directed by Antonia Bird and starring Guy Pearce, Robert Carlyle, Jeffrey Jones, and David Arquette. Set in the 1840s in California's Sierra Nevada, the film follows a group of soldiers at a military outpost who encounter a sadistic cannibal. Screenwriter Ted Griffin's screenplay combines elements from the Donner Party and that of Alfred Packer, the real-life "Colorado Cannibal" who survived by eating five companions after becoming snowbound in the San Juan Mountains in the 1870s. However, the film's plot also serves as an overt criticism of manifest destiny through its use of cannibalism. By turning the act into an insatiable hunger, the voracious need to eat human flesh is equated to the all-consuming pursuit of power and wealth that was inherent to the expansionist attitudes of those seeking to settle the American frontier in the 19th century. The film would be the last theatrical release to feature John Spencer.

Plot
During the Mexican–American War, US Army second lieutenant John Boyd plays dead as his unit is destroyed by Mexican troops. Unaware Boyd is still alive, the Mexican troops send him on a cart of American dead to the Mexican headquarters. En route, blood drips into Boyd's mouth, giving him the strength to capture the headquarters. His heroism earns him a promotion to captain, but Boyd's superior General Slauson sends Boyd to Fort Spencer, a remote military outpost in the Sierra Nevada under the command of Colonel Hart, as punishment for perceived cowardice. The traumatized Boyd joins the fort's seven-man garrison. A stranger named Colqhoun arrives after his wagon train became lost in the mountains by their guide, a colonel named Ives who misrepresented his experience. After eating their horses and pack-animals, the men resorted to cannibalism to avoid starvation and Colqhoun fled from Ives' particularly voracious appetite. The fort assembles a rescue party to search for survivors, and the fort's Indian scout, George, warns them of the Wendigo myth: anyone who consumes the flesh of a human absorbs their strength but becomes a demon cursed by an insatiable hunger for more human flesh. Finding the cave that had sheltered Colqhoun's party, Boyd and Reich discover human remains and clothing. They discover a Colonel's uniform below one of the skeletons, revealing that it is in fact Colqhoun who murdered and consumed his five companions. Colqhoun now kills the rescue party one by one, leaving Boyd the sole survivor. He breaks his leg when he escapes by jumping off a cliff and hides in a pit next to the body of Reich, eating some of Reich's flesh to survive, as Colqhoun butchers and devours the other members of the rescue party. Boyd limps back to Fort Spencer delirious and plagued by cravings for human flesh. The soldiers who never met Colqhoun do not believe Boyd's wild tale. A second expedition to the cave finds neither bodies nor any trace of Colqhoun. A temporary commander is assigned to the fort and turns out to be Colqhoun, presenting himself as the murdered Colonel Ives. Boyd's fellow soldiers refuse to believe that "Ives" is the killer, especially since he bears no sign of the wounds supposedly inflicted on him during the fight at the cave. That evening, Ives privately tells Boyd that he used to suffer from tuberculosis. After an Indian scout informed him of the Wendigo myth, he killed and ate the scout, which cured his illness and revitalized him. He now plans to use the fort as a base to cannibalize other passing travelers headed westward and wants Boyd, who is fighting his cannibalistic cravings, to join him. Boyd is suspected of murder after Private Cleaves mysteriously dies. He is incarcerated and watches helplessly as Major Knox is murdered by the real killer, Colonel Hart, whom everyone believed to be dead. Ives reveals he saved Hart by feeding Hart his own comrades and now Hart too is addicted to human flesh. Frustrated by Boyd's stubbornness, Ives critically wounds him and forces Boyd to make a choice: once again consume human flesh or die. Eventually Boyd gives in and eats a stew made out of human flesh, healing his injuries. Rather than join the two men in their attempt to convert General Slauson, who is shortly due to arrive at the fort, Boyd convinces Hart to free him so he can kill Ives. Hart complies but asks that he be killed as he no longer wants to live as a cannibal. Boyd and Ives wound each other but do not die easily due to their recuperative powers. Finally, in an outhouse, Boyd forces Ives into a bear trap and springs it, pinning them both together. Ives expires first, and Boyd refuses to save himself by eating Ives' body and dies on top of his adversary. Martha, George's sister, finds the bodies of both Ives and Boyd, closes the door, and walks away. Slauson eventually arrives. While his aide looks around the dilapidated fort, Slauson tastes the stew that was left simmering on the fire. == Cast ==
Production
Development The script for Ravenous was one of three screenplays written by Ted Griffin that he sold to a studio in a week. The script was loosely inspired by the Donner Party, as well as the story of Alfred Packer, an American prospector and Union army veteran who murdered a group of traveling companions, ate them and claimed to law enforcement that he did so out of self-defense and survival. Filming The film was shot on location in the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia and Durango in Mexico. One week before production, Manchevski reportedly submitted new storyboards, which would have required an additional two weeks of shooting. Fox 2000 eventually agreed to an additional week, with complaints that Manchevski had refused to attend production meetings with the producers. Manchevski claimed Fox 2000 executive Laura Ziskin micromanaged the production by vetoing his chosen technicians and casting against his wishes. Screenwriter Ted Griffin was on hand for "constant rewrites" during the shooting. Post-production Bird suggested the final theatrical cut had elements introduced without her approval, such as the voiceover narration and explanatory quotes. Bird felt these elements were superfluous, and expressed a desire in recutting the film for the European market. == Themes ==
Themes
The film uses its period setting and the act of cannibalism to critique manifest destiny, colonialism and capitalism. Said Bird: "As a European, observing early Californian history and making a film about that — I kind of believe Europeans were responsible for a lot of stuff that happened here. Robert Carlyle's character represents that. The Europeans practiced genocide. I think the good things about America — we're (Europeans) not responsible for." Though Bird said the film is "more about social misfits than the whole seductive nature of power", she stated, "I would like to think that someone who enjoyed it (Ravenous) only as gallows humor would start to think. The metaphor of power and a society where we're encouraged to be competitive is, to me, not a great society." Thus, cannibalism can be seen as a critique of "contemporary America where the way of life seems to be more and more a matter of consume or be consumed". In addition, she said that cannibalism can be interpreted as an addiction to drugs or a yearning for eternal youth, which manifests in modern-day Western society as the consumption of junk food or the obsession with plastic surgery. "Robert Carlyle's character is the ultimate drug pusher and Guy Pearce's character is the ultimate junkie," said Bird. == Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack
The score was composed by Michael Nyman and Damon Albarn of the band Blur. Instruments used for the score were from the film's historical period and included the violin, guitar, banjo, jaw harp and squeeze box. Nyman and Albarn reworked versions of American patriotic songs and old Methodist hymns (including those of Stephen Foster, known as the "father of American music") to be intentionally out of tune and off-kilter. ==Release==
Release
Ravenous opened on March 19, 1999, in the United States in 1,040 cinemas. Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Ravenous on DVD in October 1999. Scream Factory released a Blu-ray edition on June 3, 2014. == Reception ==
Reception
Box office Ravenous earned $1,040,727 over its opening weekend in the United States, finishing eighteenth for the weekend. The film went on to gross $2,062,405 in North America. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 52% rating based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Ravenous tries bringing cannibal horror into an Old West setting, ending up with an uneven blend that will fail to satisfy most fans of either genre". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert rated the film three out of four stars, and stated that it was "the kind of movie where you savor the texture of the filmmaking, even when the story strays into shapeless gore." He noted the film is "more interested in atmosphere than plot", but conceded Bird "shows she's a real filmmaker...and has an instinct for scenes like the one where a visiting general savors the broth of a bubbling stew". Audiences, particularly in the US, were said to be confused about the tone of the film, In a retrospective review in Rolling Stone, David Ehrlich wrote, "Ravenous butchers the fantasy that the United States is a banquet with room for everyone at the table. This is a landscape where 'manifest destiny' becomes a handy euphemism for all sorts of horrors, and a reminder that progress was never possible without savagery; the frontier was the Hunger Games, and it always has been. That may not be breaking news, but the film isn't interested in telling you something that you don't know, only showing it to you in a way so giddy and gruesome that you'll never be able to forget it." == See also ==
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